Imvo n’imvano y’urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda (1 Ukwakira 1990)

Kuva aho abakoloni bagereye mu Rwanda (Abadage 1899-1916, Ababiligi 1916-1962) u Rwanda rwambuwe ubwigenge bwose rwari rufite haba mu rwego rwa politiki, ubukungu n’umuco.

Ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda bwagiye mu maboko y’abakoloni, busigara bukorera inyungu zabo aho gukorera inyungu z’Abanyarwanda.

Abakoloni baba aribo bashyiraho amategeko n’abategetsi b’u Rwanda bakurikije inyungu zabo.

Ibi byose abakoroni babikoze kugira ngo babone uko bategeka, banigisha amacakubiri mu Banyarwanda, bahimba ko badakomoka hamwe, batagereye mu Rwanda igihe kimwe, batanganya ubwigenge, badakwiye gukora imirimo imwe no kwiga amashuri amwe, byose bigamije kubacamo ibice.

Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1950 ubwo Abanyafurika bahagurukiraga kurwanira ubwigenge, Abanyarwanda nabo ntibatanzwe. Mu rwego rwo kurwanya abaharaniraga ubwigenge mu Rwanda bari biganjemo Abatutsi, Ababiligi batangiye gukwiza igitecyerezo ko Abatutsi nabo ari abanyamahanga bakomotse muri Abisiniya, bakangurira Abahutu kubatwikira, kubasenyera, kubica no kubamenesha.

Ubwo abakoroni bavaga mu Rwanda, basize u Rwanda ari igihugu kirangwa n’urwikekwe, inzangano, umwiryane, ndetse bamwe mu Banyarwanda bamaze kumeneshwa ngo si Abanyarwanda nk’abandi. Mu mpera za 1959, ishyaka rya MDR PARMEHUTU ryitabiriye izo nyigisho z’abakoroni rinazishyira mu bikorwa.

Icyo gihe Abanyarwanda benshi barishwe, amazu yabo aratwikwa, inka ziraribwa, abarokotse ubwo bwicanyi bahungira mu bihugu bikikije u Rwanda, aho umubare munini wabo wahungiye mu gihugu cya Uganda, abandi bakajya i Burundi, Tanzania, Kongo na Kenya.

U Rwanda rwaje gusubirana ubwigenge bwarwo mu 1962 nyuma y’ubwicanyi bwari buyobowe n’ishyaka rya MDR PARMEHUTU bwahitanye Abatutsi benshi abandi bakameneshwa mu gihugu cyabo. Ubwo iryo shyaka niryo ryahise rigororerwa kuyobora u Rwanda.

Bwaba ubutegetsi bwa MDR PARMEHUTU (1962-1973), n’ubwa MRND ya habyarimana (1973-1994) nta na bumwe bwakemuye ibibazo by’amacakubiri u Rwanda rwari rufite rwasigiwe n’abakoroni, ahubwo bwose bwahisemo kuyashimangira, ibibazo birushaho kugenda biba insobe.

Ubu butegetsi uko bwasimburanye bwaranzwe n’imikorere mibi ishingiye ku kwigisha amacakubiri ku mugaragaro, kubiba inzangano mu Banyarwanda, guheza bamwe mu Banyarwanda mu mashuri, mu mirimo no muri politiki. Bwaranzwe kandi no gupyinagaza, gusenyera, gutwikira no kwica bamwe mu Banyarwanda abandi bakameneshwa aribyo byaje kubyara Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.

Abanyarwanda bari barirukanywe mu gihugu cyabo ntako batagize ngo bakigarukemo, nyamara ubutegetsi bwariho burabyanga.

Amahanga nayo yokeje igitutu ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bamusaba ko yareka Abanyarwanda birukanywe mu gihugu cyabo bagataha, ariko avunira ibiti mu matwi we n’abo bari bafatanyije kuyobora u Rwanda, ndetse avuga ko u Rwanda rwuzuye, ko ari nk’ikirahuri cyuzuye amazi, ngo uwakongeraho andi yaseseka. Hakozwe ibiganiro bitandukanye, imishyikirano, ariko byose biba iby’ubusa.

Ibi kandi byanajyanaga no gukandamiza bamwe mu Banyarwanda bari mu gihugu imbere, maze igice kimwe cy’Abanyarwanda gihezwa mu nzego nyinshi z’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu ndetse no mu iterambere.

Ubu butegetsi kandi bwanaranzwe no kutubaka ubuyobozi bushingiye kuri demokarasi nyayo iha abaturage kugira uruhare mu bibakorerwa, kubura gahunda ihamye yo guteza imbere ubukungu ku buryo Abanyarwanda bakomeje kuzahazwa n’ubukene, indwara, ubujiji no guhanga amaso imfashanyo z’amahanga.

Hari kandi gushyira imbere inyungu z’abategetsi kuruta iz’abaturage, ari nabyo byabyaye umuco wa ruswa, gutonesha, gusesagura umutungo w’igihugu no kuwunyereza.

Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda nk’urufatiro rwo kubakiraho amahoro n’iterambere bwari bwarasenyutse, amacakubiri no kwambura Abanyarwanda uburenganzira remezo byari byarahawe intebe, Abanyarwanda batagira uburenganzira bungana. Inzego z’ubutabera ntizakoraga uko bikwiye, umuco wo kudahana warahawe intebe.

Bimaze kunanirana, hitabajwe urugamba

Mu 1979, bamwe mu Banyarwanda barateranye, basuzuma ibibazo byari byugarije u Rwanda, biyemeza gushyira hamwe imbaraga zobo mu gutangiza Umutwe wa Politiki witwaga RANU (Rwandese Alliance for National Unity) wari ugamije gukemura ibyo bibazo. Nyuma yo kubona ko nta bundi buryo nta n’indi nzira yo gukemura ibibazo byari mu Rwanda n’ibyari bifitwe n’Abanyarwanda, bamwe mu Banyarwanda biyemeje guhaguruka, biyemeza gukoresha ingufu mu gikorwa cyiswe “Option Z”.

Icyo gihe bamwe mu Banyarwanda bari barahungiye mu gihugu cya Uganda barimo Maj. Gen. Fred Gisa Rwigema na Paul Kagame barahagurutse bakangurira Abanyarwanda gushyira hamwe imbaraga bakabohora igihugu cyabo.

Uku kwishyira hamwe byatumye Abanyarwanda bibumbiye muri RANU bitegura kurwanirira u Rwanda ngo bace akarengane, ivangura, ruswa n’igitugu mu Rwanda. Abana b’Abanyarwanda bajyaga muri RANU bashishikarizwaga gukunda igihugu cyabo no guhora bibuka ko aribo bazakibohora, bagatozwa kwihangana, gukorana umurava no guhorana disipuline.

Mu 1987, Abanyarwanda nka Rwigema, Kagame n’abo bari kumwe, bafashe icyemezo cyo kwagura RANU, maze Abanyarwanda bose bakunda igihugu, abaharanira demukarasi, amahoro, ubumwe n’iterambere ry’u Rwanda, bahindura RANU iba “Front Patriotique Rwandais Inkotanyi/Rwandase Patriotic Front Inkotanyi” (FPR-Inkotanyi/RPF-Inkotanyi), hari ku wa 25 Ukuboza 1987.

Ubwo hashyizweho inyandiko-remezo, intego n’imigambi, amategeko-remezo, imyitwarire y’Abanyamuryango ba FPR-Inkotanyi ndetse hashyirwaho n’Abakada.

Mu 1990 habaye ivugurura ry’inzego z’Umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi, maze hashimangirwa ibikorwa by’ubukangurambaga, imyitozo n’amahugurwa. Inzego nshya zongerewe ingufu, Umuryango kandi uteza imbere imikoranire y’inzego za gisirikare n’iza gisivile.

Ubwo Fred Gisa Rwigema ni we wahise atorerwa kuba umuyobozi mukuru wa FPR-Inkotanyi. Nibwo Umuryango wegereye abo aribo bose bahuje umugambi wo gukunda u Rwanda, aho bari hose, abato n’abakuru, abagabo n’abagore, baba abakize cyangwa abakene, kandi bose siko bari bahuje imyumvire ya politiki, ahubwo icyo bari bahuriyeho ni ugukunda u Rwanda. Intego yari ihuriweho yari imwe, “Kubohora u Rwanda.”

Ku itariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990 nibwo FPR yahagurutse maze itangira urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda.

Igihe bari bageze i Kagitumba, Maj. Gen. Rwigema yasobanuye mu magambo make impamvu y’urugamba rw’Inkotanyi, avuga ko mu mateka y’u Rwanda ubuyobozi bubi ari bwo bwazanye amacakubiri n’ibindi bibazo byose byayogoje u Rwanda.

Ababwiza ukuri ati “Abafite ubwoba basubire inyuma, kuko intambara dutangiye ikomeye [...] Kandi ntimwibeshye ngo hari abandi bazayidufasha atari Abanyarwanda ubwabo”.

Kuwa 2 Ukwakira 1990 Maj. Gen. Rwigema yahise agwa ku rugamba i Kagitumba ho mu Karere ka Nyagatare.

ORINFOR