Ku ndege Falcon 50 yari itwaye Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana, yahanuwe ku mugoroba wo ku wa 6 Mata 1994 ubwo yari hafi kugwa ku Kibuga cy’Indege cya Kanombe, iki gikoresho cyagombaga kuba kimwe mu bimenyetso by’ingenzi by’iperereza.

Nyuma y’imyaka irenga 32, aho gutanga ibisubizo, inkuru ya boîte noire y’iyo ndege ubwayo yabaye uruhererekane rw’amayobera. Yarashakishijwe mu bisigazwa by’indege, nyuma Paul Barril agaragaza ikintu avuga ko ari yo, biza kugaragara ko atari cyo; indi yageze mu bubiko bw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, imaramo imyaka hafi 10, na yo isuzumwe igaragaza ko itari iy’indege ya Habyarimana.
Iki kibazo cyagarutse mu kiganiro cyateguwe na Le Nouvel Obs i Paris ku wa 9 Nzeri 2026, cyahuje Marc Trévidic wahoze ari umucamanza wanakoze iperereza ku ndege ya Habyarimana.

Abandi bari bitabiriye icyo kiganiro barimo abanyamakuru Colette Braeckman na Patrick de Saint-Exupéry, François Graner wo mu muryango Survie ndetse n’umwanditsi Michel Bussi.

Boîte noire yari gufasha kumenya iki?

Ijambo boîte noire rishobora kuyobya abantu kuko ibikoresho byifashishwa mu ndege ubusanzwe bitaba ari umukara, ahubwo biba bifite ibara rya orange rigaragara cyane kugira ngo biboneke byoroshye mu bisigazwa by’indege.

Mu ndege nyinshi habamo ibikoresho bibiri bitandukanye: Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), ibika amajwi yo muri cockpit (igice abapilote bicaramo), ibiganiro by’abapilote, ibiganiro kuri radiyo, amajwi ya moteri n’impuruza; na Flight Data Recorder (FDR), ibika amakuru, umuvuduko n’icyerekezo indege yari irimo.

Falcon 50 yari yarashyizwemo CVR yo mu bwoko bwa Fairchild 93-A100, hagati ya Ukuboza 1991 na Mutarama 1993. Nta kimenyetso cyabonetse cy’uko iyo ndege yari yarigeze gushyirwamo FDR.

Bivuze ko “boîte noire” ishakishwa muri iyi dosiye yari cyane cyane igikoresho cyafashe amajwi yo muri cockpit, atari igikoresho cyari kubika buri kantu kose ku muvuduko, altitude cyangwa icyerekezo cy’indege.

N’iyo yari kuboneka, ntibivuze ko yari guhita ivuga uwarashe missile. Gusa yari gushobora gufasha abagenzacyaha kumenya ibiganiro bya nyuma by’abapilote, icyo babonye cyangwa bumvise, ibiganiro n’umunara uyobora indege, n’amajwi ashobora gufasha kongera kubaka uko iminota ya nyuma y’urugendo yagenze.

Iperereza kuri iyi ndege riri mu byateje rwaserera mu myaka 32 ishize

Saint-Quentin yayishakiye mu bisigazwa by’indege

Falcon 50 yahanuwe ahagana saa mbili n’igice z’ijoro zo ku wa 6 Mata 1994. Yari itwaye Habyarimana na Perezida w’u Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira, abayobozi bo mu Rwanda no mu Burundi ndetse n’abakozi batatu b’Abafaransa bari bayitwaye. Bose uko bari 12 barapfuye.

Raporo y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Bufaransa igaragaza abo bakozi nk’umupilote Jacky Héraud, Jean-Pierre Minoberry wari umwungirije na Jean-Michel Perrine wari ushinzwe tekiniki, mbese uwo twagereranya n’umukanishi.

Mu masaha yahise akurikira ihanurwa ry’indege, Grégoire de Saint-Quentin, wari umusirikare w’Umufaransa uba mu kigo cya gisirikare cya Kanombe, yageze ahaguye indege.

Raporo y’iperereza ry’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Bufaransa yo mu 1998 ivuga ko Saint-Quentin yageze aho indege yaguye ahagana saa yine z’ijoro, abanza gushakisha imirambo y’Abafaransa bari bayitwaye kugeza ahagana saa cyenda z’ijoro.

Yagarutse saa mbili za mu gitondo cyo ku wa 7 Mata, icyo gihe agamije gushakisha boîte noire.
Saint-Quentin yavuze kandi ko yari kumwe n’abasirikare b’Abafaransa batatu cyangwa bane. Nyuma yaje guhagarika gushakisha ubwo yabwirwaga ko bishoboka ko iyo ndege yaba itari ifite boîte noire.

Ese Falcon 50 yari ifite boîte noire?

Mu 1994, Dassault Falcon Service yari ishinzwe gusana no gukurikirana iyo ndege yabwiye Le Monde ko mu igenzura ngarukamwaka bayikoreraga, batigeze babona Cockpit Voice Recorder iyirimo.

Yanavuze ko indege yari ifite uburyo bworoshye bwo kongerwamo icyo gikoresho n’umukiliya, bityo kuba Dassault itarakibonye ntibyari bihagije kwemeza ko kitigeze gishyirwamo.

Mu 1998, ubwo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Bufaransa yakoraga iperereza ku Rwanda, Gen Christian Quesnot wari Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo yavuze ko Dassault yari yavuze ko Falcon 50 itari ifite boîte noire.

Iperereza ryakurikiyeho ryaje guhindura iyo shusho.

Le Monde yaje gutangaza ko Dassault-Falcon yemeye mu 2004 ko Falcon 50 ya Habyarimana yari ifite CVR référence 93-A-100. Inyandiko z’iperereza ry’Abafaransa nazo zerekana ko yashyizwemo hagati ya Ukuboza 1991 na Mutarama 1993, nubwo uwari warayishyizemo atashoboye kumenyekana.

Paul Barril ati “Boîte noire ndayifite”

Ku wa 27 na 28 Kamena 1994, Paul Barril, wahoze ari umuyobozi mu mutwe udasanzwe wa Gendarmerie y’u Bufaransa, ndetse wari warahawe inshingano n’umuryango wa Habyarimana zo gukora iperereza ku rupfu rwe, yagaragaye mu bitangazamakuru byo mu Bufaransa avuga ko afite boîte noire y’iyo Falcon 50.

Ku wa 28 Kamena, Le Monde yasohotse ifite inkuru igira iti “L’énigme de la boîte noire”, ivuga ko icyo gikoresho kiri mu maboko ya Barril. Uwo munsi Barril yanagaragaye kuri France 2.

Ikintu yerekanye cyari gifatanye n’igice cy’icyuma cy’indege kandi kiriho imibare n’ibimenyetso byatumaga avuga ko cyavuye muri Falcon 50.

Barril ubwe yavuze kuri France 2 ko atari umuhanga mu by’indege, ariko ko nimero zari kuri icyo gikoresho zerekanaga ko cyari icya Falcon 50.

Mu makuru ya saa mbili z’ijoro kuri France 2 kuri uwo munsi, hatangajwe ko icyo Barril yari yerekanye kitari cockpit recorder, ahubwo ari boîtier d’antenne radiocompas, igikoresho cy’itumanaho kidafata cyangwa ngo kibike amakuru y’urugendo.

Mu kiganiro cyo muri Nzeri 2026, Michel Bussi yagarutse kuri iyo nkuru avuga ko icyamutangaje ari uko Barril yabashije kugaragaza ikintu nk’ikimenyetso gikomeye kandi nyuma bigasobanuka ko atari cyo.

François Graner na we yavuze ko boîte noire nyayo itagombaga kuba umukara, ahubwo ko recorder ikoreshwa mu ndege iba ifite ibara rya orange kugira ngo iboneke mu bisigazwa. Ibyo bihuye n’ibisobanuro by’inzego z’umutekano w’indege, zivuga ko izo recorders zisigwa orange ku bushake kugira ngo zorohere gushakishwa.

Paul Barril yabeshye ko afite aka gasanduku nyuma biza kugaragara ko icyo yari afite ari ikindi cyuma

Indi ‘boîte noire’ imara imyaka 10 mu bubiko bwa Loni

Mu 2004, mu gihe umucamanza Jean-Louis Bruguière yakomezaga iperereza ku ihanurwa ry’indege, havutse amakuru avuga ko hari Cockpit Voice Recorder yari yarakuwe mu Rwanda mu 1994 ikoherezwa ku cyicaro cya Loni i New York.

Amakuru yatangajwe na Le Monde yari ashingiye ku buhamya Roger Lambo, wari ushinzwe ibikorwa by’indege muri MINUAR i Kigali mu 1994, yari yahaye Bruguière.

Lambo yavuze ko igikoresho cyageze ku biro bya Loni i Kigali nyuma y’amezi abiri cyangwa atatu nyuma y’ihanurwa ry’indege, azakijyana i Nairobi, nyuma kikoherezwa i New York .

Ku wa 10 Werurwe 2004, Le Monde yashyize hanze aya makuru.

Nyuma y’iminsi ibiri, Loni yatangaje ko koko yari imaze kubona mu bubiko bwayo boîte noire yari yaroherejwe i New York ivuye mu Rwanda mu 1994.

Ku wa 12 Werurwe 2004, Umuvugizi w’Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa Loni yatangaje ko icyo gikoresho cyashyikirijwe ibiro bishinzwe igenzura kugira ngo hakorwe iperereza ku buryo cyari kimaze imyaka 10 muri Loni ariko abayobozi bakuru batazi ko gihari. Cyari mu kabati gafunze mu ishami ryari rishinzwe umutekano w’indege.

Icyo gihe byasaga n’aho nyuma y’imyaka 10, kimwe mu bimenyetso by’ingenzi cyane muri iyi dosiye cyari kigiye kuboneka.

Loni yasabye International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO, kugira uruhare mu gupima icyo gikoresho. Cyajyanywe muri National Transportation Safety Board, NTSB, i Washington muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Ku wa 16 Werurwe 2004, recorder yarafunguwe, casette yari irimo irumvwa.

Habonetse amajwi y’abantu bavuga Igifaransa, mu nyandiko yamaze iminota hafi 30. Ariko Loni yatangaje ko mu byari bimaze kumvwa nta kintu cyari kiyihuza n’indege yahanuwe ku wa 6 Mata 1994.

Ku wa 8 Kamena 2004, Office of Internal Oversight Services ya Loni yasohoye umwanzuro wayo. Yemeje ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi: Cockpit Voice Recorder yari imaze imyaka 10 muri Loni ntiyari iy’indege yari itwaye Perezida Habyarimana na Ntaryamira, kandi nta makuru yari irimo afitanye isano n’ihanurwa ry’iyo ndege.

Loni yemeye kandi ko urujijo rwinshi rwari kwirindwa iyo ishami rishinzwe ibikorwa risuzuma icyo gikoresho kuva mu 1994 aho kukibika itabanje kumenya amakuru kirimo. Bityo boîte noire ya kabiri na yo yari ivuye ku meza.

Le Monde, ishingiye ku nyandiko zo mu iperereza rya Bruguière, yatangaje ko mu Ugushyingo 2004 Air France yabwiye umucamanza ko ubwo recorder yari iheruka kwandikwa mu nyandiko zayo, yari yashyizwe muri Concorde numéro 209 ya Air France, yakoreshejwe kuva mu 1976 kugeza mu 2003.

Mu kiganiro cy’i Paris, Bussi yavuze ko icyo kibazo cyamubereye kimwe mu bintu bitangaje cyane muri dosiye. Yibajije uburyo igikoresho cyashoboraga kugezwa muri Loni, kikamaramo imyaka 10, nyuma kikagaragara ko kitari icya Falcon 50.

Yibazaga impamvu iperereza ryimbitse ritakozwe mbere. François Graner na we yashyize imbere igitekerezo cy’uko hashobora kuba harabaye igikorwa cyo kuyobya iperereza.