Abasanzwe bumva Sudani nk’igihugu kiyobowe nabi, kirimo igitugu kandi kidafite ubwisanzure, bashobora gutungurwa no kumva ko ari igihugu cy’amata n’ubuki cyahindanyirijwe isura na politiki ya Mpatsibihugu, ariko nyuma yo gusoma iyi nyandiko, baramenya neza ukuri-muzi kwa Sudani, n’impamvu yahindanyirijwe isura.
Nyuma yo gukora ubushakashatsi bunyuranye kandi mu bihe bitandukanye, umunyarwanda w’impuguke mu bya Politiki n’ububanyi n’amahanga Omar Khalfan yemeza ko isura ya Afurika yagiye ihindanywa n’ubushakashatsi bw’abanyamahanga bo mu bihugu byateye imbere, babukoraga nabi cyanga bagatanga imyanzuro ijyanye n’icyo bifuza ko Afurika igaragara nka cyo.
Khalfan avuga ko n’ubwo mu bihugu byo mu Burengerazuba bw’isi (Amerika n’u Burayi), hagaragara benshi bitwa/biyita inzobere mu kumenya igihugu runaka cyangwa akarere, ngo hari byinshi bakunze kwibagirwa cyangwa kwirengagiza, ndetse n’ubushakashatsi bwabo rimwe na rimwe bakabukora batageze aho ibimenyetso n’ibikorwa nyirizina biri, bityo bukaba bugomba kwitonderwa, ntibufatwe nk’ihame ndakuka.
Omar Khalfan yagize ati: “Sinabura kuvuga ko ubushakashatsi bwose budakurikije amahame n’inzira nyazo z’ubushakashatsi, buhura n’ibibazo.”
Gukusanya amakuru n’ibimenyetso
Omar Khalfan akomeza avuga ko iyo ikusanyamakuru n’ikusanyabimenyetso bikozwe nabi cyangwa ntibiboneke, ubushakashatsi bubigendeyeho butanga imyanzuro itari yo. Avuga ko kwibutsa inzira ubushakashatsi nyabwo bugomba kubahiriza atari ukwibasira abashakashatsi bagenzi be b’abanyamahanga, ko ahubwo ibyo bakora babiterwa no kugendera ku murongo wa Politiki y’ibihugu byabo, politiki ya Gashakabuhake na Mpatsibihugu.
Omar Khalfan agaragaza ko mu gihe cy’ubukoloni, Abanyafurika batari bafite uburyo bwo kuvuguruza ubushakashatsi bw’Abanyaburayi, bitewe n’uko inyandiko zabo bwite ntazabagaho, bityo amateka yabo n’ubutwari bwabo bikagenda bihindagurika. Avuga kandi ko ikibazo cy’amashuri atarabagaho muri Afurika cyatumaga nta Banyafurika bakora ubushakashatsi bugendeye ku mahame nyayo yabwo, ngo bagaragaze ibyiza nyakuri by’ibihugu byabo.
Kuba abanyaburayi bakora ubushakashatsi butari bwo kuri Afurika, ntibibafasha gusa nk’intwaro yo guhangana n’uwo bakwita umwanzi wabo, ahubwo binabafasha kwishimagiza uko bashatse mu bihugu byabo no mu maso y’isi yose. Ibi babishobozwa no kuba bashora imari ihagije mu itangazamakuru N’ubushakashatsi.
Isura nyayo ya Sudani, igihugu cyiza kiyobowe neza
Mu magambo arambuye Omar Khalfan aratubwira amashirakinyoma y’ubuzima muri Sudani
Muri iyi nyandiko ndagaragaza ishusho nyayo ya Sudani, nyuma yo kuyisura nkayitemberamo bihagije muri Nzeli 2014. Natembereye ahantu hanyuranye, mbonana n’abayobozi b’ingeri nyinshi, barimo Abaminisitiri n’abandi bakozi ba Leta bo mu nzego zo hejuru. Nabonanye kandi n’abayobozi b’inganda n’ab’ibindi bigo by’iterambere, mbonana n’abacuruzi, abayobozi b’ibigo by’itangazamakuru, abanyamakuru ubwabo, abantu ku giti cyabo ndetse n’abaturage basanzwe.
Magingo aya muri 2014, Repubulika ya Sudani ifite abaturage babarirwa muri 37, 289,406, 2014 (Ibarura rya 2008 ryagaragaje 30,894,000). Igihugu cya Sudani gifite ubuso bwa 1,886,068 km2 (Iruta u Rwanda inshuro 72).
Uretse kuba Sudani ari kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika, ni na kimwe mu bihugu bifatiye runini uyu mugabane, bitewe n’aho Iherereye. Ni gihugu kandi cy’Abarabu.
Sudani ni igihugu cyiza cyane gifite abantu b’abanyabuntu, bagira urugwiro. Repubulika ya Sudani iri mu miryango y’ibihugu inyuranye, nk’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Abarabu, Afurika Yunze Ubumwe, COMESA, IGAD, n’indi myinshi.
Sudani ni igihugu gifitanye imigenderanire n’umubano n’ibindi bihugu bya Afurika, hakiyongeraho ibihugu by’Abarabu. Sudani ibanye neza n’ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika, mu rwego rwa dipolomasi na politiki. Sudani yafashije ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika kubona ubwigenge bwabyo, ariko ntiyagarukiye aho, ahubwo yambutse kure ijya no kugoboka bimwe na bimwe mu bihugu byo ku mugabane wa Aziya.
Mbere y’uko ngera muri Sudani, nari mfite muri jye isura mbi y’iki gihugu, kuko nta makuru yihariye nari nzi atari ayo nakuye mu binyamakuru mpuzamahanga (Amerika n’u Burayi), kandi byinshi muri byo byaranditswe n’intiti zo muri bibyo bihugu.
Nkihagera, ishusho nari mfite kuri Sudani yahindutse mu kanya nk’ako guhumbya, kuko nasanze Sudani ari igihugu gifite ubuyobozi bwiza bukorera abaturage, igihugu gitanga ubwisanzure busesuye bwo gutanga ibitekerezo, igihugu gifite ingamba zitagira ingano zo kunga ubumwe no gukemura ibibazo byose byatambamira ubwiyunge bw’abagituye.
Gutesha agaciro Afurika biterwa n’iki?
Nigeze kuvuga ko ibihugu by’u Burayi na Amerika byakoze ishoramari rinini mu gutara no gutangaza amakuru, kimwe no mu bikorwa binyuranye by’ubushakashatsi. Buri gihugu cyose cy’igihangange usanga gifite igitangazamakuru gikomeye kitabura na rimwe gushimagiza no kugaragaza ibikorwa byacyo mu mibanire n’ibindi bihugu.
Incabwenge muri Politiki, impuguke mu by’ubukungu, abahanga mu by’imibanire y’abantu n’abandi, abahanga mu mateka, inzobere mu bumenyi bw’imitekerereze ya muntu, abajambuye indimi n’abandi, bahora bagaragara ku nsakazamajwi n’insakazamashusho z’ibyo bihugu, tukabumva basesengura bannyega kandi bakanenga imiyoborere muri Afurika, kandi uko byaba biri kose baba bafite icyo bagendereye, icyo bashaka kwita cyiza bakacyita cyo, n’icyo bashaka kwita kibi bakabigenza uko.
Iyo ibihugu by’ibihangange ku isi bitifuza umuyobozi uyu n’uyu muri Afurika, bikoresha iyo ntwaro yabo ikaze (itangazamakuru ryitwa mpuzamahanga, imiryango mpuzamahanga no guhagarika inkunga, …) bigaca intege andi mahanga n’abatuye isi muri rusange, kugeza no ku baturage b’igihugu kigenderewe, bakabuza icyo gihugu kugenderana n’ibindi, ubufasha cyabonaga mu nzego z’ubuzima bugahagarara, bakanatesha agaciro ubudahangarwa bw’abayoboye ibyo bihugu. Cyakora bamwe mu Bayobozi ba Afurika bamaze kuvumbura iby’uyu mukino, ntibawukozwa.
Birumvikana ko muri gahunda y’ubwiru y’ibi bihugu, byose babikora babyitirira guharanira inyungu zabo. Bimaze kumenyerwa kandi ko iyo ibi bihugu by’ibighangange bishatse impinduramatwara mu gihugu icyo ari cyo cyose byitwaza amahame atatu: Demokarasi, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, n’uburenganzira bwa ba Nyamuke (Minority).
Ikinamico yo gufatirwa ibihano kwa Sudani
Mu by’ukuri si uko hari ikibi icyo ari cyo cyose Sudani yari yarakoze, habe na mba. Bizwi na bose ko Perezida Omar Hassan El-Bashir yandikiwe urwandiko Mpuzamahanga rwo kumuta muri yombi akaburanishwa n’urukiko ICC, Urukiko Sudani itemera nk’uko na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zimushyiraho igitutu, ubwazo zitemera urwo Rukiko.
Gushaka kumuta muri yombi, ntibyatewe n’uko Perezida El Bashir yaba yarakoze icyaha na kimwe, ahubwo arazira kwishyiriraho gahunda z’imiyoborere zibereye abaturage b’igihugu cye, bakishakamo ibisubizo.
Politiki nk’iyi ni umuziro ku bihugu bimwe by’ibihangange. Mu by’ukuri gushyiraho Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha ubwabyo si bibi , ahubwo ikibazo gikomeye ni uko rubereyeho kurengera inyungu z’Abanyaburayi n’Amerika, mu gihe bikomeje kwitwara nk’abakoloni bashya.
Repubulika ya Sudani ni igihugu gikora ibishoboka byose ngo kizamure imibereho myiza y’abagituye. Ni igihugu gifite politiki nziza inogeye abenegihugu mu miyoborere y’uburyo bwose.
Abanyamahanga ya kure babibona nk’inzitizi ku nyungu zabo, ku buryo uwasesengura ikibazo cya Sudani y’Epfo n’icy’Intara ya Darfur yasobanukirwa neza impamvu y’ibyo mvuga aha. Muri make, ibihugu by’ibihangange ntibyishimira Umuyobozi ukorera inyungu z’abaturage be, ahubwo bishaka ukorera inyungu zabyo.
Ingero ni nyinshi, zimwe muri zo ni nk’ibyo bakoreye Mouammar Kadaffi wayoboraga Libiya n’ibindi bikomeje gukorwa hato na hato mu bihugu byahoze bikoronizwa n’u Bufaransa, aho Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zifuza kugira ijambo n’ububasha kuri ibyo bihugu.
Reka mbonereho kugira icyo nisabira Leta ya Sudani. Ubwo nasuraga Radio na Televiziyo by’iki gihugu, nasanze ibiganiro byose bikorwa mu rurimi rw’Icyarabu. Ibi ni byiza ku gihugu gikoresha Icyarabu nk’ururimi kavukiire kandi rw’ibanze. Ariko na none byaba byiza kurushaho Leta ya Sudani yinjije mu biganiro bya Televiziyo n’amakuru izindi ndimi nk’Igifaransa n’Icyongereza, kugira ngo n’abanyamahanga bayituyemo cyangwa abandi bakurikiranira hanze y’igihugu ibiganiro byabo, babashe kwiyumvira mu buryo butaziguye ukuri kw’impamo kw’ibibera muri Sudani, batagombye kubarirwa inkuru cyangwa gusemurirwa .
Naho ku biganiro bya Radio, izindi ndimi nyafurika zivugwa na benshi nk’Igiswahli, Igihawusa, n’izindi zitaweho, zihabwa umwanya ukwiye.
Ishyaka NCP (National Congress Party) riyoboye Leta muri Sudani ni ishyaka rikomeye kandi rifite ingufu nyinshi, kuko rizikesha abaturage baryiyumvamo. Ni kimwe n’andi mashyaka ayoboye Leta zo mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bya Afurika, nka ANC (African National Congress), ryo muri Afurika y’Epfo, CCM (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) ryo muri Tanzania, na RPF (Rwanda Patriotic Front); ryo mu Rwanda.
Nk’uko mu kwezi kwa Cumi 2013 nabihuguriwe neza n’Umuyobozi w’ishyaka riyoboye Leta y’u Bushinwa CCP (Chinese Communist Party), iyo Ishyaka riyoboye rifite imbaraga, na Guverinoma irazigira. Kandi iyo Guverinoma ifite imbaraga, igihugu kiratekana, kikanatera imbere mu bukungu. Uko aya magambo ari, nibyo nihereye ijisho muri Sudani.
N’ubwo ibihano byose bifatirwa igihugu bigira ingaruka ku bukungu bwacyo, imiyoborere myiza muri Sudani ituma umuntu atabasha kumenya na gato ko iki gihugu cyafatiwe ibihano, bigusaba gucukumbura kure cyane ngo ube wamenya ko hari ingaruka ibyo bihano biteje. Uri mu gihugu imbere, nibwo ubona ko Sudani yabashije kurenga no kuganza ibi bihano.
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zari zikwiriye gukuraho ibihano zafatiye Sudani, kuko iki gihugu gikomeje kwiteza imbere no gushimangira ubwiyunge bw’abagituye.
Nibwira ko demokarasi dukeneye muri Afurika atari ukumira bunguri iby’i Burayi na Amerika, kuko Afurika ifite amateka yayo, ifite n’umuco wayo, bityo nk’uko nkunze kubivuga kenshi, buri gihugu gikeneye demokarsi ikibereye ishingiye ku muco wacyo n’amateka yacyo.
Iri ni isesengura ryakozwe na :
Omar Khalfan, Political Scientist and Analyst
Chairman, I & U Research Bureau for World Business
Lecturer of International Relations
University of Rwanda
Kigali- Rwanda
Email address: [email protected] or [email protected]
TANGA IGITEKEREZO