Impaka ku bijyanye n’imikoreshereze y’itabi mu Rwanda n’amategeko abigenga zongeye kuzamuka mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku wa Mbere tariki 20 Gashyantare mu 2023 ubwo hasuzumwaga ishingiro ry’umushinga w’itegeko ryemeza ko u Rwanda ruba kimwe mu bihugu bihuriye ku Masezerano yerekeye guca burundu ubucuruzi bw’ibikomoka ku itabi butemewe, yemerejwe i Seoul ku wa 12 Ugushyingo 2012.

Ni itegeko inzego z’ubuzima z’u Rwanda zivuga ko riramutse ritowe “ryafasha mu gukumira ubucuruzi bw’itabi bwa magendu butuma abantu babasha kuribona kuri make bityo bigatambamira ingamba Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho zo kuzamura imisoro hagamijwe guca ikoreshwa ryazo.”

Itabi rigira ingaruka nyinshi ku mubiri wa muntu, harimo kuba ritera indwara z’umutima, kanseri, diyabete, umuvuduko w’amaraso, indwara zo mu buhumekero, izo mu kanwa n’izindi.

Ku Isi yose itabi ryica kimwe cya kabiri cy’abarikoresha. Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rigaragaza ko rihitana abarenga miliyoni umunani buri mwaka, abagera kuri miliyoni zirindwi bicwa n’ingaruka zo kurinywa, miliyoni 1.2 bicwa n’ingaruka baterwa n’abandi barinywa cyane cyane abarinywera mu ruhame.

Ubwo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yasuzumaga ishingiro ry’uyu mushinga ugamije guca burundu ubucuruzi bw’itabi butemewe, bamwe mu badepite barimo Muhongayire bagaragaje ko batumva impamvu ahubwo u Rwanda rudafata icyemezo cyo guca burundu ibikorwa byo guhinga itabi no kuricuruza.

Depite Muhongayire Christine yabajije Umunyamabanga wa Leta muri Minisiteri y’Ubuzima, Dr Yvan Butera wari witabiriye iyi mirimo y’Inteko kugira ngo asobanure byimbitse iby’uyu mushinga w’itegeko, impamvu u Rwanda rudahitamo guca burundu itabi kandi ruzi ingaruka zaryo.

Ati “Ubundi itabi ni ribi ryangiza ubuzima, yaba urinywa riramwangiza, haba abatarinywa bamwegereye rikabangiza, abato bari aho hose rikabangiza, itabi ni ribi kubera iki tutarirandura burundu? Ngo noneho dusigare dukora ubukangurambaga mu barinywa, tubabwire ububi bwaryo n’uburyo ryica n’ibyo ryangiza mu mubiri, tugende tubasobanurira gake gake ku buryo rirangira burundu ntirikomeze kwangiza ubuzima bw’Abanyarwanda.”

Iki kibazo cyabajijwe na Depite Muhongayire cyaje gushyigikirwa na bagenzi be barimo Depite Karemera Francis wagaragaje ko ubucuruzi n’ubuhinzi bw’itabi biramutse biciwe n’abarinywa batabona aho barikura.

Ati “Batubwiye ko hazaba ubukangurambaga bagakangurira abanywa itabi kugira ngo barireke, abarinywa ntabwo aricyo kibazo, abaricuruza nicyo kibazo. Rihagaze, inganda zigahagarara abarinywa se barikura he? Nagira ngo batubwire ingamba zihari kuko aya ni amasezerano yerekeye ubucuruzi butemeye bw’itabi ariko hari abarihinga n’abaricuruza.”

Depite Nyirahirwa Veneranda we yavuze ko hari ibyemezo u Rwanda rushobora gufata kubera inyungu rukurikiyemo, ariko kugeza uyu munsi hatumvikana impambu rutsimbaraye ku bucuruzi n’ubuhinzi bw’itabi kandi ntacyo rimariye ubuzima bw’umuntu.

Yifashishije urugero rw’urumogi yagaragaje ko rwo rushobora kuvura ariko abaza Dr Yvan Butera icyo itabi rimarira umubiri w’umuntu.

Ati “Inama y’Abaminisitiri yafashe imyanzuro yo guhinga mu Rwanda ikimera cyitwa Cannabis arirwo rumogi, impamvu zabyo zari uko rushobora koherezwa mu mahanga rugatunganywa mu nganda rukavamo imiti ivura abantu bafite ibibazo byo mu mutwe ndetse n’abafite uburibwe bukabije. Itabi kimwe n’urumogi biri mu rwego rw’ibiyobyabwenge ariko urumogi rwo rufite uruhande ruvura, nibazaga ngo mu itabi duhora turwana no gusinya amasezerano ho harimo iki gishobora gufasha umuntu? Niba ntakirimo kuki hatatekerezwa guca ubuhinzi n’ubucuruzi bw’itabi?”

Ni buhoro buhoro

Mu gusubiza ibibazo yabajijwe n’Abadepite, Umunyamabanga wa Leta muri Minisiteri y’Ubuzima, Dr Yvan Butera yavuze ko aribyo koko nta nyungu n’imwe itabi rizanira umubiri w’umuntu ariko yirinda kwerura ngo avuge impamvu u Rwanda rudashyiraho ingamba zigamije kurica burundu.

Dr Butera yavuze ko igihugu kigenda gishyiraho ingamba zigamije kugenda zica intege abanywa itabi buhoro buhoro, haherewe ku kuba mu 2013 harashyizweho itegeko rigena imikoreshereze y’itabi.

Ati “Dushyiraho itegeko ryo mu 2013 hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe byashyizweho kugira ngo abantu banywa itabi, amikoro bashyiramo yiyongere hakaba haragiyeho imisoro itandukanye kugira ngo abantu bibagore bagura itabi. Ibyo byose bikaba biri kudufasha kugira ngo turwanye itabi. Izindi ngamba igihugu kiri gufata ni ugukora ubukangurambaga abadashoboye kurivaho harebwe uburyo bafashwa.”

Yakomeje avuga ko iri tegeko ryatanze umusaruro kuko kuva ryajyaho abanywa itabi mu Rwanda bagabanutse ku kigero cya 5%.

Ati “Mu 2013 hari intambwe yatewe na Guverinoma hashyirwaho itegeko ryo kurwanya itabi noneho turi gusaba n’inyunganizi kugira ngo tubashe kurushaho kurwanya itabi. Imibare igaragaza komu 2012 mbere ya 2013 ubwo iri tegeko ryashyirwagaho Abanyarwanda bari ku kigero cya 12,9% banywaga itabi ariko imibare yo mu mwaka umwe n’igice ishize igaragaza ko icyo kigero cyamanutse bikaba bigeze kuri 7,5%. Bivuze ko byagabanutseho 5%. Noneho tuje kwemeza iri tegeko twizeye ko bazakomeza kugabanuka kurushaho.”

“Ibyo rero bikaba bijyana n’izindi ngamba leta ishyiraho mu bigendanye n’ubukangurambaga yaba mu rubyiruko, yaba no mu zindi nzego mu rwego rwo kugira ngo abantu barwanye itabi.”

U Rwanda rwaba rutinya ingaruka z’ubukungu?

Hirya no hino ku Isi ubucuruzi bw’itabi buri mu bwinjiriza ibihugu bibukora akayabo k’amafaranga, u Rwanda narwo si umwihariko kuko inyigo yakozwe mu 2018 n’Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro mu Rwanda hagamijwe kureba ingaruka z’icyemezo cyo kuzamura imisoro ku itabi yagaragaje ko cyatumye ingano y’itabi ryanyobwaga mu gihugu igabanukaho 17,5% ariko umubare w’amafaranga ryinjiza binyuze mu misoro wiyongeraho 44,2%.

Iyi raporo igaragaza ko mu 2013/14 itabi ryinjirije u Rwanda imosoro ingana na miliyari 5,2Frw. Mu 2014/15 aya mafaranga yarazamutse agera kuri miliyari 5,3Frw, byageze mu 2015/16 aya mafaranga itabi ryinjiriza u Rwanda ageze kuri miliyari 7.6Frw.

Uretse aya mafaranga yinjira binyuze mu misoro, iyi raporo ntica ku ruhande uruhare rw’ubucuruzi bw’itabi mu gutanga imirimo n’ibindi.

Nubwo ateruye ngo avuge ko ariyo mpamvu u Rwanda rudaca burundu ubucuruzi bw’itabi, Dr Butera yagaragaje ko uyu mushinga w’itegeko mushya wabanje kuganirwaho n’impamvu zitandukanye harebwa niba utatekeza igihombo mu bukerarugendo bw’igihugu ndetse n’ubukungu muri rusange.

Ati “Amasezerano twagiye tuyigaho n’izindi nzego z’igihugu cyacu, burya iyo ugiye kujya mu masezerano nk’aya biba bifite izindi ngaruka biba bisaba ko abantu babyigaho hamwe kuko harimo ingamba z’ubukungu harimo ingamba zigendanye n’ubukerarugendo, twabyizeho hamwe n’ibigo bitandukanye birimo Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere, RDB, Minisiteri y’Imari n’Igenamigambi, Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’abandi tukaba twarageze aho tubyumvikanaho kandi bakaba baratwijeje ko igihugu cyacu nta gihombo kizagira mu bijyanye n’ubukungu bwacu.”

Ubushakashatsi bwa Gatandatu ku Bwiyongere n’Ubuzima bw’Abaturage, DHS, bw’umwaka wa 2019-20, bugaragaza ko mu Rwanda abize amashuri abanza gusa ari bo benshi banywa itabi, mu gihe abagore batageze kuri 1% ari bo barinywa.

Iyi mibare yerekana ko abagore mu Rwanda banywa itabi ry’isegereti cyangwa ubundi bwoko ari bake kuko bari munsi ya 1%. Ni mu gihe abagabo bangana na 7%, banywa itabi iryari ryo ryose, hanyuma 5% bakarinywa buri munsi.

Mu bagabo banywa isigara buri munsi, abagera kuri 67% banywa munsi y’isegereti eshanu buri munsi, mu gihe 22% banywa hagati y’isegereti 5-9, naho 10% bakanywa 10 kuzamura buri munsi.

Kubona abagore banywa itabi mu Rwanda si ikintu gisanzwe kuva 2014-2015, umugore 1% cyangwa munsi yaho ni we wanyoye itabi. Mu gihe abagabo banyoye itabi iryo ari ryo ryose bagabanutse bakava kuri 12% mu 2014-2015 bakagera kuri 7% mu 2019-2020.

Ijanisha ry’abanywa itabi mu Majyaruguru n’Uburengerazuba ni 4% naho mu Majyepfo ni 10%. Ijanisha ry’abagabo banywa isegereti na ryo ryaramanutse bigendanye n’amashuri abantu bafite. Abatize ni 21% naho abafite amashuri arenze ayisumbuye ni 2%. Abagabo bakennye banywa itabi ku kigero cya 15% mu gihe abakize barinywa kuri 4%.

Abagore bo mu Mujyi wa Kigali bari hagati y’imyaka 15-49 abagera ku 2.166 banywa itabi, mu Majyepfo ni 3.065, Uburengerazuba ni 3.174, Amajyaruguru ni 2.226 barimo 0.5% banywa isegereti gusa, Uburasirazuba ni 4.003 barimo 0.4% banywa isegereti gusa.

Abagabo banywa itabi mu Mujyi wa Kigali ni 879, barimo 7.5% banywa isegereti gusa, Amajyepfo ni 1239 barimo 9.6% banywa isegereti Uburengerazuba ni 1268 barimo 4.4% banywa isegereti, Amajyaruguru ni 886, Uburasirazuba ni 1574.

Abagabo bize amashuri abanza gusa ni bo banywa itabi cyane mu Rwanda, aho bangana na 3569, bakurikirwa n’abize amashuri yisumbuye bangana na 1562 mu gihe abize ayarenze ayisumbuye ari 295 gusa. Abagabo 5846 bari hagati y’imyaka 15-49 nibo banywa itabi mu Rwanda, abafite hagati ya 50-59 ni 667.

Mu bagore banywa itabi, abatize ni 1377, abize amashuri abanza ni 8529, abize ayisumbuye ni 4086, naho abize arenze ayisumbuye ni 642.

Abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda bagaragaje ko batumva neza impamvu u Rwanda rutererura ngo ruce burundu ibikorwa byo guhinga no gucuruza itabi kandi rudasiba kugaragaza ko ari ribi ku buzima bw’umuntu