Icyakora uyu mugabo nawe si agafu k’imvugwarimwe. Ku myaka 30 yamaze ku butegetsi, Itno yanyuze muri byinshi birimo n’ibitero simusiga byagabwe ku buzima bwe, ibidakwiriye gutungurana kuko igihugu ayoboye kiri mu gace ka Sahel kugarijwe n’imitwe y’iterabwoba kuva impande zose.

Muri icyo gihe cyose amaze ku butegetsi, Perezida Itno ashobora kwibazwaho ku bijyanye n’icyo yagejeje ku gihugu mu bukungu n’imibereho myiza, ariko ikidashobora kwibazwaho ni ubushobozi bw’Igisirikare cye, kiri mu bikomeye mu gace kirimo, kiganjemo imitwe y’iterabwoba n’inyeshyamba.

Nyuma yo gutungurwa n’ubushobozi bwa FACT mu ntangiriro z’urugamba, Perezida Itno yafashe inzira yerekeza ku rugamba mu ijoro ryo kuwa 17 Mata 2021 mu rwego rwo gutera abasirikare be akanyabugabo.

Saa Kumi n’Imwe z’igitondo cyo kuwa 18 Mata, Itno wari uherutse guhabwa Ipeti rya Maréchal mu mwaka wari wabanje, yageze ku mirongo y’imirwano, ahita atangira kuyobora urugamba mu gice cy’Amajyaruguru, mu gihe umuhungu we, Gen Mahamat Idriss Déby, akaba n’Umuyobozi w’Umutwe wa Générale des Services de Sécurité des Institutions de l’État (DGSSIE) ufite mu nshingano zawo kurinda Umukuru w’Igihugu, yari ayoboye urugamba mu Majyepfo.

Ku bw’amahirwe make, Perezida Itno yaje kugwa kuri uru rugamba nyuma y’uko imodoka ye iguye mu gaco k’inyeshyamba kakayimishaho urufaya rw’amasasu rwaje kuvamo rimwe ryageze mu gituza cye, rikangiza ibihaha bye ku buryo kajugujugu yamusubije i N’Djamena, Umurwa Mukuru wa Tchad, yamugejejeyo yashizemo umwuka.

Urupfu rwa Perezida Itno rwabaye intangiriro y’urugendo rwa politiki rw’umuhungu we, Gen. Mahamat Idriss Déby. Uyu mugabo w’imyaka 38, yatowe n’abandi basirikare bakuru kugira ngo ayobore Urwego rwa Gisirikare ruyoboye Tchad mu gihe cy’inzibacyuho (CMT), nyuma y’uko uwagombaga gufata izo nshingano abyanze.

Nubwo akiri muto, Mahamat ni indwanyi y’akataraboneka, ari nayo mpamvu yizewe cyane n’itsinda ry’abasirikare bakoranye na Se kugira ngo ayobore inzibacyuho yatangiye muri Mata 2021 igomba kumara amezi 18.

Uyu mugabo wavutse ku itariki ya 4 Mata 1984, yakunze ibijyanye na gisirikare akiri umwana muto, aho yakundaga kwambara imyenda ya gisirikare ndetse no gukinisha ibikinisho birimo imbunda nto z’abana.

Ibi bishobora kuba ari imwe mu mpamvu yakuze yumvikana na Se cyane, nawe wari umusirikare w’akataraboneka ufite ubunararibonye mu bijyanye no gutwara indege za gisirikare.

Muhamat wavukiye i N’Djamena, yakuze ari umuhungu utuje cyane, ntakunde kujya mu bikorwa byo kwinezeza cyangwa kwigaragaza, ahubwo agakunda gukora atuje cyane. Ikindi azwiho ni uko yakunze kugaragara yambaye ‘lunette’ zirinda izuba mu ntambara zo mu Butayu buri mu Majyaruguru ya Tchad, ari nayo mpamvu afite akabyiniriro ‘k‘Umugabo w’ama-lunette y’umukara.’

Urugendo rwa Mahamat mu gisirikare

Kuva ku myaka umunani, Mahamat yarezwe na nyirakuru ari naho yavanye akandi kabyiniriro ka ‘Kaka.’ Uyu mubyeyi yamutoje gukunda ishuri, ndetse amashuri abanza yayigiye ku Ishuri rya Lycée Montaigne ry’Abafaransa riri mu Murwa Mukuru wa N’Djamena, aza kuyakomereza mu Mujyi wa Abéché.

Bitewe n’uko Perezida Itno yari yaramaze kubona impano iri mu muhungu we wakundaga ibijyanye n’igisirikare, yaje kumujyana kwiga mu ishuri rikomeye rya Lycée Militaire Aix-en-Provence riri mu Bufaransa, aho yamaze imyaka ibiri mbere yo kugaruka muri Tchad, agakomereza amasomo ya gisirikare mu Ishuri rikuru ry’icyo gihugu rizwi nka ‘Groupement des Écoles Militaires Interarmées du Tchad.’ Aha yahamaze umwaka umwe mbere yo kwinjira mu Gisirikare cya Tchad ku myaka 23 gusa.

Akinjira mu Gisirikare, mu ntangiriro za 2007, Mahamat yahise ajya ku rugamba, aho yarwanyije inyeshyamba za Mahamat Nouri zari ziganje mu Burasirazuba bw’Igihugu. Icyo gihe Mahamat Idriss yarwanye ari mu basirikare bakoreshaga imbunda nini zo mu bwoko bwa ‘machine gun’ zirasa kure.

Muri Gashyantare 2008, yajyanye na Se ku rugamba mu guhangamura imitwe y’inyeshyamba yari yagose Umujyi wa Massaguet. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yagize uruhare mu kuyobora Igitero simusiga cyagabwe mu Mujyi wa Am Dam, kigamije guca intege inyeshyamba zari ziyobowe na mubyara we, Timan Erdimi.

Iki gitero cyagize uruhare rukomeye mu gusubiza ibintu ku murongo kuko cyaciye intege umutwe w’iterabwoba wari ufite ingufu, bityo Tchad igira umutuzo ari nako Perezida Itno abona agahenge nyuma y’igitutu cy’abamurwanyaga bahoraga bamushinga kujenjekera ikibazo cy’imitwe y’iterabwoba.

Nyuma yo kubona uburyo umuhungu we yitwaye neza, Perezida Idriss Déby yatangiye kumuzamura mu ntera vuba, aho muri Gashyantare 2013, yamugize Umuyobozi Wungirije w’Umutwe w’Ingabo za Tchad zagiye kugarura amahoro muri Mali (FATIM).

Uyu mutwe witwaye neza cyane muri urwo rugamba, byose birushaho gutuma Mahamat agirirwa icyizere n’abasirikare bakuru ndetse na Perezida Idriss Déby by’umwihariko. Amakuru avuga ko uyu mugabo wari utangiye gutekereza ku musimbura we, yatoranyije uyu muhungu kugira ngo azamusimbure, bitewe n’umurava yamubonanaga mu kuzuza inshingano ze.

Ibi byatumye atangira kumuhuza n’abandi bayobozi bakomeye muri Tchad, barimo abasirikare bakuru ndetse n’abayobozi b’izindi nzego. Icyarushaho gutuma Mahamat akundwa cyane, ni uburyo yiyoroshyaga kandi akuzuza inshingano ze mu buryo bwuzuye, hatitawe ku kuba ari umuhungu wa Perezida.

Amakuru avuga ko yakundaga cyane itsinda ry’ingabo yari ayoboye, ku buryo byatumye igikundiro cye mu basirikare bato kizamuka, binatuma Perezida Itno atajya ku gitutu cy’ibirego by’uko yazamuye umwana we mu mapeti mu buryo bwihuse.

Ikindi cyakunze kuranga Mahamat ni ukumvikana na Se cyane, aho bakunze kugaragara bari kumwe igihe kinini, ndetse akaba yari we ‘matwi n’amaso ya Perezida’, nk’uko bamwe mu muryango we babitangaje.

Umutwaro wo kuzahura Tchad

Tchad ni Igihugu gikungahaye kuri peteroli, ariko kikaba kimwe mu bihugu bikennye ku Isi, mu gihe ruswa yakimunze kuva mu nzego z’ubuyobozi kugera mu baturage hasi. Umuryango Urwanya Ruswa n’Akarengane, Transparency International, ushyira Tchad ku mwanya wa 17 mu bihugu birangwamo ruswa nyinshi ku Isi, ku rutonde rw’ibihugu 180.

Kubera iyi ruswa ingana itya, kongeraho ibibazo by’amakimbirane n’intambara, ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ibindi bitandukanye, ubukene muri Tchad buranuma kuko bwugarije 42% by’abaturage, mu gihe umusaruro mbumbe w’iki gihugu ari miliyari 10$.

Tchad iri ku mwanya wa 10 mu bihugu bifite peteroli nyinshi itarabyazwa umusaruro muri Afurika, aho 90% by’iyo icukura iyohereza mu mahanga, mu gihe isigaye ikoreshwa imbere mu gihugu mu bikorwa birimo gucanira abaturage.

Icyakora ibi ntibisobanuye ko abaturage babona umuriro uhendutse, kuko abagera kuri 10% by’abatuye Tchad ari bo bagerwaho n’umuriro w’amashanyarazi. Ku rundi ruhande, 70% by’umutungo Leta yinjiza ukomoka ku mafaranga yavuye mu bucuruzi bwa peteroli, ibituma ubukungu bwa Tchad bushingira ku giciro mpuzamahanga cya peteroli, cyazamuka cyane n’ubukungu bikaba uko, cyanamanuka n’ubukungu bukagwa.

Urugero ni uko kuva mu 2003 kugera mu 2015, ubukungu bwa Tchad bwazamukaga ku mpuzandengo ya 7% buri mwaka, ariko ihanuka ry’ibiciro bya peteroli kuva 2014 ryatumye ubukungu bw’iki gihugu bugwa, butangira kuzamuka ku mpuzandengo ya 3% no munsi yaho.

Ibi bijyana n’uko Tchad ari cyo gihugu cya mbere kinini muri Afurika mu bidakora ku nyanja, aho umupaka wa Douala muri Cameroon uri hafi yacyo, uri mu birometero 1800. Ibi bituma ibicuruzwa bituruka hanze y’igihugu bihenda, na cyane ko iki gihugu kiri mu bifite ibikorwaremezo biciriritse ku Isi, aho kiri ku mwanya wa karindwi mu bihugu bifite ibikorwaremezo bidahagije ku rwego rw’Isi, ku rutonde rw’ibihugu 148.

Mu bijyanye no guteza imbere imibereho myiza, Tchad iza mu myanya ya nyuma ku Isi, kuko umwana uvukiyeyo aba azatanga umusaruro ku kigero cya 29% ugereranyije n’uwo yakagombye kuzatanga, ibi bigaterwa n’uko kubona serivisi z’uburezi n’ubuzima bigoranye muri icyo gihugu.

Abana 20% by’abavukira muri Tchad bapfa batarageza imyaka itanu, mu gihe 40% byabo bafite ikibazo cy’imirire mibi. Abana 856 mu bihumbi 100 bapfa bavuka muri icyo gihugu, mu gihe abakobwa 164 mu bakobwa 1000 bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 19 babyara imburagihe.

Imyaka y’uburame muri Tchad ni 54 gusa, aho iri munsi y’impuzandengo y’ibihugu biri munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara iri kuri 63. Abantu bafite ubushobozi bwo gusoma no kwandika muri Tchad ni 22.3%, aho ari cyo gihugu cya mbere ku Isi mu kugira umubare munini w’abatazi gusoma no kwandika ku mpuzandengo y’abaturage bose.

Imbogamizi z’umutekano muke

Tchad ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja kandi gikikijwe n’ibindi bihugu bifite ibibazo by’umutekano muke. Nk’Umurwa Mukuru wa N’Djamena, uri mu hafi n’Amajyaruguru ya Nigeria, agace gakunze kugaragaramo ibikorwa by’umutwe wa Boko Haram.

Ni mu gihe mu Burasibazuba hari Sudan, Igihugu cyakunze kurangwamo intambara mu gihe kinini ku buryo Tchad yari uburuhukiro bw’impunzi, rimwe na rimwe zigakoreshwa n’imitwe y’iterabwoba mu bikorwa bihungabanya umutekano. Mu 2017, habarurwaga impunzi ibihumbi 450 ziri muri Tchad.

Mu Majyepfo ashyira u Burasirazuba, iki gihugu gihana imbibi na Centrafrique nayo yakunze kubamo ibibazo by’umutekano muke, ndetse mu mwaka ushize Ingabo za Tchad na Centrafrique zakozanyijeho uretse ko Intambara yakumiriwe rugikubita. Icyakora Tchad yarahahombeye kuko abasirikare bayo batanu baje gufatwa bunyago n’Ingabo za Centrafrique ndetse bakaza no kwicwa.

Mu Majyaruguru y’iki gihugu, hari Libya imaze iminsi ari indiri y’imitwe y’iterabwoba nyuma y’urupfu rwa Perezida Mouammar Khadhafi. Libya na Tchad byamaze igihe kinini bidacana uwaka ku buryo byigeze no gukozanyaho mu myaka ya za 1980. Nyuma y’uko Libya ihinduwe umuyonga na NATO, abarwanya ubutegetsi bwa Tchad babonye icumbi rishya ndetse igitero cyaguyemo Perezida Itno cyagabwe niho cyavuye.

Ibi byose byumvikanisha ko kurindira umutekano Tchad bitari ikintu cyoroshye, ku buryo kuba ifatwa nk’Igihugu cya mbere gifite Igisirikare cyihagazeho mu gace ka Sahel ari ikintu cyo kwishimira.

Impinduka za Gen Mahamat

Kuva yagera ku butegetsi, Mahamat yavuze ko arajwe ishinga no kubaka umutekano utajegajega mu gihugu cye, ubundi akanategura amatora bikekwa ko azaba mu mpera z’uyu mwaka nubwo bitaremezwa neza. Uyu mugabo yakunze kuvuga ko azasubiza ubutegetsi mu maboko y’abasivile, “Abasirikare bagasubira mu bigo byabo.”

Byabanje gukekwa ko Mahamat ashobora kuzagirana amakimbirane n’abandi bahungu ba nyakwigendera Itno barwanira ubutegetsi. Undi mutego yari afite wari uwo guhuza abasirikare bakuru, aho bivugwa ko abari barirukanywe na Itno bari bafite uburakari ndetse bikekwa ko bafite umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi.

Icyakora ibi byose ntibyabaye, ndetse ntawabura kuvuga ko Tchad iteganye ugereranyije n’ibihe yarimo mu gihe cy’urupfu rwa Itno. Kuri ubu imitwe myinshi irwanya ubutegetsi yaratsinzwe, aho imyinshi yahungiye muri Libya na Niger.

Uyu mugabo wari yaratezwe iminsi kandi yabashije guhangana n’ibibazo by’umutekano w’imbere mu gihugu, aho yarwanyije ibikorwa by’urugomo ndetse akanatuma ubuzima bwongera kugaruka, nyuma y’uko hari haketswe amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko ashobora kubura nyuma y’urupfu rwa Itno.

Mu bijyanye no kugenzura politiki imbere mu gihugu, Mahamat agifata ubutegetsi yahisemo Albert Pahimi Padacké, Umunyapolitiki utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi wahanganye na Se igihe kirekire, kugira ngo abe Minisitiri w’Intebe. Uyu mugabo kandi yanatanze uburenganzira bwo gukora ku mashyaka atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi nka ‘Les Transformateurs’ rya Succès Masra, mu gihe yemeye ibiganiro n’imwe mu mitwe y’inyeshyamba mu rwego rwo kubaka amahoro arambye.

Ibi byose uyu mugabo avuga ko bigamije gutuma habaho urubuga rw’ibiganiro muri Tchad ruzahuza abaturage bose mu gushakira hamwe umuti w’ibibazo biri muri icyo gihugu.

Ati “Intego yacu ni uguhuza abaturage ba Tchad binyuze mu biganiro. Nyuma y’uko bigezweho, tuzasubiza ubutegetsi mu maboko y’abaturage binyuze mu matora azashyiraho Perezida.”

Muri rusange, nubwo impinduka mu bukungu zitaratangira kubyara umusaruro, umutekano muri Tchad urizewe, ari nacyo kintu uyu muyobozi ashimirwa cyane, nubwo yatezwe iminsi inshuro nyinshi kubera uburambe bwe buke.

Ikindi gitego Mahamat witegura kwizihiza umwaka ari ku butegetsi yatsinze, ni ikijyanye no gukorana n’abandi bayobozi batandukanye ku Mugabane wa Afurika. Mbere y’uko yiyizira kubonana na Perezida Paul Kagame, yari yaramwoherereje intumwa muri Gicurasi 2021 akimara gufata ubutegetsi. Icyo gihe yohereje murumuna we, akaba n’Ukuriye Ibiro bye, Abdelkerim Déby Itno.

Kuri ubu ikizamini gikomeye gitegereje Mahamat ni ukureba uburyo Leta y’inzibacyuho ayoboye izabasha gutegura amatora, nk’uko yakunze kubisezeranya. Hari kwibazwa niba ataziyamamaza, ubundi hakibazwa uruhare rwe muri Leta nshya n’ibindi bitandukanye.

Ku ruhande, Mahamat avuga ko hakenewe ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi kugira ngo amatora azakorwe.

Ati “Hari ibintu bibiri bikenewe kubahirizwa kugira ngo igihe ntarengwa cyatanzwe [cyo gukora amatora mu mezi 18 uhereye muri Mata 2021] cyubahirizwe. Icya mbere ni uko twe abaturage ba Tchad tuzemeranya gahunda y’ahazaza hacu.”

“Icya kabiri ni uko abafatanyabikorwa bacu badufasha kubona amafaranga azatuma ibiganiro bishoboka ndetse n’amatora kuko umutungo wa Leta ntabwo wakwiyishyurira icyo kiguzi. Nitwemeranya kandi tugafashwa, mu mezi 18 amatora azakorwa. Nibidashoboka, bizaba bigoranye [ko amatora akorwa].”

Urugendo rwa Perezida Mahamat ni andi mahirwe hagati y’ibihugu byombi byo kurushaho gufatanya mu kwishakamo ibisubizo, cyane ko Tchad iri guca mu bihe bikomeye byo kubaka ubukungu n’imibereho myiza nyuma y’igihe kirekire cy’amakimbirane, inzira u Rwanda rwanyuzemo, ku buryo rufite byinshi byo kwigisha ibindi bihugu.