Isi, kimwe n’indi mibumbe irindwi, bizengurutse inyenyeri yitwa Izuba mu kurema icyitwa ‘système solaire’. Iyi système solaire iri mu isanzure rigari cyane rigizwe n’inyenyeri zindi (twagereranya n’izuba ryacu) zirenga 3.200, nazo zizengurutswe n’indi mibumbe myinshi, irenga miliyari 100.

Ubushakashatsi buracyakomeje, ariko kugeza ubu nta mubumbe uragaragaza ko wujuje ibyangombwa byo kuba wakwakira ubuzima, nk’uko bimeze ku Isi.

Kimwe mu bituma ubuzima bushoboka ku Isi by’umwihariko, ni umwuka wa oxygène, ugize 21% by’uruhurirane rw’imyuka iri mu kirere cy’Isi (atmosphère), ugakurikira Nitrogène yihariye 78% by’imyuka yose iri mu kirere.

Undi mwuka w’ingenzi ni gaz carbonique (CO2), ubarizwa mu ruhurirane rw’imyuka isigaye igize 1% by’iri mu kirere, CO2 ikiharira 0,04%.

Nubwo CO2 ari nke cyane mu kirere, igira akamaro gakomeye mu buzima, aho akazwi ari uko yifashishwa n’ibimera mu gukura kwabyo (photosynthèse). Icyakora uyu mwuka unagira uruhare rufatika mu kuringaniza ingano y’ubushyuhe buri ku Isi.

Ubusanzwe izuba ni ryo soko y’ingenzi y’ingufu zikoreshwa ku Isi mu kurema ubushyuhe. Ziramutse zidahari, Isi yaba ikonje ku kigero ibinyabuzima byinshi bitashobora kwihanganira.

Iyo Isi yakiriye izi ngufu z’Izuba, nayo izohereza mu kirere, aho zihura na CO2 ndetse n’umwuka uba wazamutse uturuka mu mazi ari ku Isi (vapeur d’eau).

Imiterere y’ibi byombi ibiha ubushobozi bwo gutangira kimwe cya kabiri cy’ingufu zoherejwe n’Isi, zikagumishwa mu kirere cyayo bityo abatuye ku Isi tukagira ubushyuhe buringaniye. Uretse izisigara mu kirere cy’Isi, izindi ngufu zoherezwa n’Isi zirasohoka zikajya mu isanzure.

Icyakora iyo CO2 yiyongereye mu kirere, bivuga ko n’ingufu z’ubushyuhe igumisha ku Isi ziyongera, byose bikagira ingaruka mu kwiyongera k’ubushyuhe bukabije ku Isi, nabyo bikagira ingaruka zikomeye zirimo Ihindagurika ry’ibihe.

Kuri ubu, impuzandengo y’ubushyuhe buri ku Isi ni dogere Celcius 15, ariko mu myaka 150 ishize, zari kuri 13,9 C, byumvikanisha ko ubushyuhe buri ku Isi bwiyongereyeho dogere Celcius 1,1.

Impamvu izi mpinduka zigaragara cyane mu myaka 150 ishize ni uko ari bwo ibikorwa bya muntu birimo ikoreshwa ry’inganda, imodoka n’ibindi byatumye ingano ya CO2 mu kirere yiyongera, aho yavuye kuri 278ppm (igipimo gikoreshwa mu gupima ingano ya CO2 iri mu kirere) ubu ikaba igeze kuri 414 ppm.

Mu gihe Isi izagera kuri 427ppm, ibyitezwe mbere ya 2030, ni bwo bwa mbere ikigero cya CO2 iri mu kirere cy’Isi kizaba kiri hejuru kurusha ibindi bihe byose, nibura ubaze kuva mu myaka miliyoni eshatu ishize.

Muri rusange, ihindagurika ry’ikirere ni umusaruro w’ibikorwa byinshi birimo ihindagurika ry’intera Isi izengurukaho Izuba, uburyo Isi yizenguruka ubwayo n’ibindi bitandukanye, ariko 97% by’abahanga mu by’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, bemeza ko CO2 yoherezwa n’ibikorwa bya muntu mu kirere, ari yo ntandaro nyamukuru y’ihindagurika ryacyo.

Ubusanzwe, ibimera bikoresha CO2 muri photosynthèse, ariko kubera ubwinshi bwayo mu kirere, ntabwo CO2 yose yoherejwe ivuye ku Isi ikoreshwa, ibituma hasigara igera kuri 20% by’iyoherezwa mu kirere, aho bizatwara imyaka ishobora kurenga ibihumbi kugira ngo izakoreshwe.

Ibi bituma ingaruka zayo ku ihindagurika ry’ikirere zikomeza kwiyongera. Hagati aho, muri 0,04% bya CO2 iri mu kirere, 0,01% ikomoka ku bikorwa bya muntu.

Ubushyuhe buherutse kugera kuri dogere Celcius 49 C muri Canada, ku buryo abantu bagendaga bashyira umutwe mu mazi kugira ngo bakonje, byose bikaba ari ingaruka z'iyangirika ry'ikirere

Uburangare buzabyara umuruho

Nuganira n’umuhinzi ubimazemo igihe, kimwe mu bibazo by’ingenzi atazabura kukubwira ni ihindagurika ry’ikirere, kuko ubuhinzi, cyane cyane ubwo muri Afurika, ari rumwe mu rwego rushingira ku miterere y’ikirere cyane.

Ingano ya CO2 iri mu kirere yiyongereyeho 50% ugereranyije n’iyari mu kirere mbere yo kwaduka kw’ibikorwa by’inganda. Nta gihindutse, mu myaka 50 iri imbere, ingano ya CO2 mu kirere izaba igeze kuri 450 ppm, ibizatuma ubushyuhe bw’Isi bwiyongeraho dogere Celcius 2 C ugereranyije na mbere mu gihe abahanga mu by’iyangirika ry’ikirere bavuga ko ibipimo bikwiriye bya CO2 ari 350 ppm, ibipimo biheruka mu 1988.

Mu gihe rero ubushyuhe bw’Isi bwakwiyongeraho dogere Celcius 2, ingaruka zabyo ku buzima bwacu ntizirondoreka ndetse zimwe zirimo ubushyuhe budasanzwe, imyuzure n’ibindi byatangiye kwigaragaza, bikazagenda byiyongera bijyanye n’uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera.

Igiteye impungenge ni uko izi ngaruka zishobora kuzatuma abantu miliyoni 700 bahunga, bamwe bahungira imbere mu gihugu cyabo abandi bahungire hanze yacyo, umubare uzaba uruta uw’abahunga ibindi byago bikomeye nk’intambara.

Muri rusange, ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere zizahombya ubukungu bw’Isi arenga miliyari ibihumbi 23$, azaba ari hagati ya 11% na 14% by’umusaruro mbumbe w’Isi mu 2050.

Mu gihe ubu bushyuhe bwagera kuri dogere Celcius 3,2 mu 2050, ubukungu bw’Isi bwahomba 18% by’umusaruro mbumbe wose. Iki gihombo kingana gutya ni cyo gituma bamwe mu mpuguke z’ubukungu bavuga ko ari ngombwa gushora mu kwirinda izi ngaruka kuko ari byo bihendutse kurusha ikiguzi cyo kuzazirengera.

Igikenewe magingo aya ni ugushyiraho ingamba zo kwirinda ibi byago, binyuze mu kugabanya ibikorwa bya muntu bishobora kongera CO2 mu kirere, ku buryo ubushyuhe bw’Isi bwakomeza kuzamuka ariko ku kigero kiri munsi ya dogere Celcius 1,5, nubwo ari ibintu bigoye cyane.

Iyi niyo mpamvu imijyi yo hirya no hino ku Isi yatangiye gushyiraho umwanya mushya w’Umuyobozi Ushinzwe kurwanya Ubwiyongere bw’Ubushyuhe (Chief Heat Officer, CHO).

Iyi nkubiri yatangiriye i Miami muri Leta ya Florida muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho ubushyuhe bushobora kugera kuri dogere Celcius 37. Muri Mata uyu mwaka, Jane Gilbert yahawe izo nshingano.

Muri Nyakanga uyu mwaka, Umujyi wa Athens mu Bugereki waje gushyiraho Eleni Myrivili mu gihe muri Nzeri, Umujyi wa Phoenix muri Leta ya Arizona muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika nawo watangaje ko David Hondula agiye kuba CHO wawo.

Uheruka guhabwa izi nshingano ni Eugénia Kargbo wo muri Sierra Leone wahawe izo nshingano mu Mujyi wa Freetown mu Ukwakira uyu mwaka, akaba ari nawe muntu wa mbere wahawe uyu mwanya muri Afurika, aho ashinzwe gushyiraho ingamba zagabanya ubushyuhe bushobora kugera kuri dogere Celcius 38 C muri Freetown.

Ingaruka z'iyangirika ry'ikirere riteza ibiza birimo gushya kw'amashyamba, nk'uko biherutse kugenda mu Bugereki, aho amashyamba yahiye kugera n'ubwo atwitse inzu z'abaturage

Kuki u Rwanda rukeneye CHO?

Muri rusange, nk’uko izina ribisobanura, CHO ashinzwe gushyiraho ingamba zigabanya ubushyuhe mu mujyi runaka, ariko ubushyuhe ntabwo bwizana gutyo gusa, ahubwo bufitanye isano n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere.

Ibi bituma inshingano z’uyu muyobozi zigirana isano ya hafi n’izindi ngamba zisanzwe zihari zo guhangana n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere.

Kimwe n’ahandi ku Isi, ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere zigaragara no mu Rwanda, aho nko muri Kigali, ubushyuhe bwazamutse ku kigero cya dogere Celcius 0,044 C buri mwaka, kuva mu 1980 kugera mu 2015, nk’uko bigaragara mu bushakashatsi bwa ’Variability of extreme temperature in Kigali during the recent decades’ bwakozwe na Havugimana Eugene.

Iri zamuka ry’ubushyuhe mu Mujyi wa Kigali ryatewe ahanini n’ubwiyongere bw’ibinyabiziga, aho byavuye ku bihumbi 55 mu 1999, bikagera ku bihumbi 221 mu 2019, nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwa ’From car-free days to pollution-free cities: Reflections on clean urban transport in Rwanda’ bwakozwe na Egide Kalisa, ku bufatanye na Andrew Sudmant, Remy Ruberambuga na Jonathan Bower bubyerekana.

Ubwiyongere bw’imodoka ni ikibazo ku batuye mu Mujyi wa Kigali kuko ibinyabiziga ndetse n’itwikwa ry’amakara bigira uruhare rwa 40% mu kwanduza umwuka duhumeka. Imyuka ituruka mu nganda nawo igira uruhare rungana na 20% mu kwanduza umwuka duhumeka muri Kigali.

Ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwerekanye ko umwuka uri mu kirere cyegereye inganda mu Rwanda, yaba ku ruganda rwa Cimerwa ruri i Rusizi, nk’uko byagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bwa ’The Effect Assessment of Industrial Activities on Air Pollution at Cimerwa and its Surrounding Areas, Rusizi-District-Rwanda’ bwakozwe na
Irankunda Elisephane. Ibi kandi byashimangiwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe kurengera Ibidukikije, REMA.

Muri rusange, ibipimo by’ubuziranenge bw’umwuka mu Mujyi wa Kigali byerekana ko wanduye ku kigero gikubye kabiri ikigenwa n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima, OMS cya 10 µg/m3 (igipimo gikoreshwa mu gupima ubuziranenge bw’umwuka mu gace runaka).

OMS igaragaza ko guhumeka umwuka wanduye byongera ibyago byo kurwara indwara z’umutima, iz’ubuhumekero, kanseri y’ibihaha n’izindi zitandukanye.

Izi ndwara zimaze iminsi ziyongera mu Rwanda ku kigero giteye inkeke, nk’aho indwara z’umutima ziyoboye izindi mu kwica abantu benshi mu Rwanda, kuko zica 14% by’abantu bapfa ku mpuzandengo y’umwaka.

Ni kimwe n’ubukana bwa kanseri nayo ikomeje kwiyongera mu Rwanda, aho Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuzima (RBC) gitangaza ko yica 13% by’abantu bapfa mu Rwanda ku mpuzandengo y’umwaka mu gihe indwara z’ubuhumekero zica 3% buri mwaka.

Muri rusange, indwara zitandura (Non-communicable diseases) zica 44% by’abapfa bose mu Rwanda, aho Leta ifite intego yo kugabanya 25% byabo mu 2025, igikorwa kizatwara miliyari 358 Frw.

Birumvikana ko bimwe mu bituma izi ndwara ziyongera mu Rwanda harimo uburyo abantu bakora imyitozo ngororamubiri, amafunguro bafata n’ibindi bitandukanye. Gusa birashoboka cyane ko umwuka duhumeka wanduye ushobora kugira uruhare mu kwiyongera kw’izi ndwara mu Rwanda, ndetse n’imfu zizikomokaho, nk’uko bigenda ahandi ku Isi.

CHO yafasha iki mu guhangana n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere?

Kimwe mu byo CHO yahindura ni ugukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku ngaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere n’ibindi bijyana naryo, nko kwandura k’umwuka duhumeka.

U Rwanda, kimwe n’ahandi henshi muri Afurika, hari icyuho kinini mu bushakashatsi bujyanye n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, kuko ari ubushakashatsi bwifashisha imashini zihenze mu gushaka amakuru. Nyamara ubu bushakashatsi burakenewe cyane bitewe n’uburemere bw’iki kibazo ndetse n’ingaruka kigira ku bukungu n’ubuzima bw’abantu.

Uyu muyobozi kandi yafasha guhuza ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda zitandukanye zigamije guhangana n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere. Nk’urugero, muri miliyari 11$ zikenewe kugira ngo u Rwanda ruzagabanye 38% by’imyuka yangiza ikirere rwoherezayo mu 2030, miliyari 6,9$ azaba ari ishoramari riturutse hanze y’igihugu.

CHO yafasha mu guhuza ibikorwa by’ishoramari no kugenzura ko bitanga umusaruro byateganyirijwe, ndetse akagira uruhare mu guhuza inzego zirimo nk’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere, RDB, (rufite mu nshingano zarwo gukurura ishoramari) n’izindi nzego nk’Ikigega cya FONERWA, mu gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imishinga igamije kurwanya iyangirika ry’ikirere.

Ni ingenzi kandi kwibuka ko Leta y’u Rwanda ifite gahunda zo kurengera ibidukikije mu bice hafi ya byose by’imiyoborere, ariko ubumenyi bw’abayobozi n’abaturage ku bijyanye n’ibikwiriye gukorwa mu guhangana n’iki kibazo ntibungana.

Nk’umuntu waba ubifitemo ubumenyi buhagije, CHO yagira uruhare mu ihuzabikorwa n’ikurikirana ry’ibikorwa bya Leta byose bigamije guhangana n’ihindagurika ry’ibihe, ibyatuma icyizere cy’uko intego ziyemejwe zagerwaho cyiyongera.

U Rwanda rusanganywe inzego zireberera ibidukikije zirimo na Minisiteri ibishinzwe, icyo CHO yakongera ni ukwita by’umwihariko ku guhangana n’ingaruka z’iyangirika ry’ikirere, kuko bigaragara ko mu minsi iri imbere, iki kibazo kiza kuyobora ibindi byose ku rwego rw’Isi, ari nayo mpamvu ari ngombwa kugifatirana hakiri kare, hakajyaho umuyobozi, cyangwa urwego rugishinzwe by’umwihariko.

Hari ibisubizo byamaze kugaragaza umusaruro ufatika mu kugabanya umwuka wanduye mu Mujyi wa Kigali, nka Car Free Day. CHO yarushaho kugira uruhare mu gushaka ibindi bisubizo by’umwihariko bijyanye n’imiterere y’u Rwanda, akanashyiraho ingamba zigamije gukumira ibibazo biterwa n’iyangirika ry’ikirere, birimo nk’imyuzure n’ibindi.

Ingaruka z'iyangirika ry'ikirere zimaze kwigaragaza cyane mu Rwanda