Kuva ku nkweto, imyenda, imipira bakina, ibibuga bakiniraho, amategeko n’ibindi bitandukanye byagiye bihinduka bigashyirwa ku rundi rwego rworohereza abakinnyi cyangwa abasifuzi.

Mu mategeko ya mbere yashyizweho mu gihe cyo gutangiza Ishyirahamwe ry’umupira w’amaguru mu Bwongereza, umukinnyi yari yemerewe gufata cyangwa gutega uwo kwa mukeba ufite umupira igihe yiruka agana mu izamu ashaka gutsinda.

Abashyizeho aya mategeko bagarutse muri iki gihe bashobora kutamenya ko ari ubwoko bw’umukino umwe n’uwo bari bazi uri gukinwa.

Uko ikoranabuhanga ryagiye ryoroshya ubuzima busanzwe bwa muntu ku Isi, ntiryasize na siporo by’umwihariko umupira w’amaguru nk’umukino ukunzwe kurusha indi.

Mu ntangiriro ibibuga bakiniragaho ntibyari byiza. Byari itaka ririho imirongo igaragaza aho ikibuga kirangirira ku buryo igihe umupira warenze bigaragara ariko umukinnyi yashoboraga kuvunika byoroshye.

Amarushanwa ya mbere yabayeho bakinaga nta rushundura ruba mu izamu kenshi bigateza impaka abantu bibaza niba umupira wagiye mu izamu cyangwa hanze.

Urushundura rwa mbere rw’izamu rwakozwe n’umwenjeniyeri w’Umwongereza ukomoka i Liverpool, John Brodie mu 1891.

Kuva umupira ubayeho, abakinnyi bambaraga inkweto zihariye, imyenda yabugenewe n’ibindi ariko byose byagiye bikorwa mu yindi sura kuri ubu kubera ikoranabuhanga.

Impinduka zikomeye zabayeho zinagarukwaho cyane muri iki gihe zirimo Goal-line technology, Vanishing Spray, VAR – Video Assistant Referee, Electronic Performance & Tracking Systems (EPTS) n’izindi.

Goal-line technology

Nubwo urushundura rukorwa rwari ruje nk’igisubizo muri icyo gihe, nyuma hagiye habaho n’ubundi impaka abantu bibaza n’iba umupira warenze umurongo w’izamu cyangwa utawurenze, ibitego bimwe abasifuzi bakabyanga kandi byinjiye ibindi bakemeza ko aribyo kandi bibeshye.

Byatumye abahanga batangira kwiga ku rindi koranabuhanga rya “Goal-line technology” ryakemura ibibazo nk’ibi riza kwemerwa muri Nyakanga 2012.

Goal-line Technology ikora ku buryo bwa rukuruzi. Akuma gato cyane (sensor) gashyirwa mu mupira ku buryo igihe wegereye umurongo w’izamu utundi twuma duto tuba twashyizwe mu izamu twohereza ubutumwa ku isaha umusifuzi aba yambaye bumumenyesha niba warenze cyangwa utarenze.

Ubu buryo bukoreshwa byemewe mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga nk’igikombe cy’Isi, igikombe cy’u Burayi, UEFA Champions League n’amashampiyona akomeye i Burayi.

Vanishing Spray

Abakurikirana umupira babona agacupa umusifuzi aba yashyize inyuma gafashe ku ikabutura yambaye.

Kaba karimo umuti kenshi usa n’umweru atera mu kibuga iyo agiye kwereka abakinnyi umurongo bahagararaho wenda hagiye guterwa coup franc nyuma y’akanya gato wa muti ugatumuka, umurongo ntiwongere kugaragara.

Ubu ni uburyo bwahimbwe n’umunya-Brazil Heine Allemagne mu 2000 agamije gukemura ibibazo byabagaho, umusifuzi yakwereka abakinnyi aho bahagarara bakagenda bigira imbere gake gake.

Bwatangiye gukoreshwa muri shampiyona y’iwabo akimara kubukora, abasifuzi bagaragaza kubwishimira. Yaje gusaba ko bwatangira gukoreshwa no ku rwego mpuzamahanga buza kwemerwa mu 2002.

Abahanga batandukanye bagiye bakora Vanishing Spray igezweho ariko iy’Umunya-Argentine Pablo Silva iba ariyo iza kugaragaza urwego rwisumbuye iba ari nayo ikoreshwa bwa mbere mu gikombe cy’Isi cya 2014.

Kuri ubu ikoreshwa no mu mashampiyona atandukanye ku Isi ndetse yamaze kuba umuco aho umupira wateye imbere.

VAR – Video Assistant Referee

Ubu buryo bushya umusifuzi yifashisha mu ifatwa ry’imyanzuro ku bikorwa runaka atabonye neza nka penaliti, umukinnyi usagariye undi, ikosa risaba gutanga ikarita itukura bwatangiye gukorerwa igeragezwa mu 2016 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Nyuma yo kubona ko bwagabanya impaka zabagaho ku byemezo by’abasifuzi, bwaje kwemezwa mu ntangiriro z’uyu mwaka wa 2018 ndetse bunakoreshwa mu gikombe cy’Isi cyabereye mu Burusiya.

Amashampiyona akomeye i Burayi nayo yemeje ikoreshwa rya VAR ndetse ritangirana n’uyu mwaka w’imikino nko mu Budage, Espagne n’u Butaliyani ariko mu Bwongereza ho amakipe yatoye abyanga ikaba izongera kugeragezwa umwaka utaha.

Electronic Performance & Tracking Systems (EPTS)

Mu marushanwa akomeye iyo umukino urangiye bagaragaza imibare itandukanye irimo umukinnyi wakoze ku mupira inshuro nyinshi, uwirutse ibirometero byinshi, inshuro ikipe muri rusange yakoze ku mupira n’ibindi.

Iyi mibare ikusanywa n’uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga bwitwa ‘Electronic Performance & Tracking Systems’ bukoresha udu camera duto cyane tudashobora kubonwa n’amaso.

Izo camera zikorana n’ikoranabuhanga riba riri mu myenda y’umukinnyi, amakuru y’icyo akoze cyose agafatwa n’icyogajuru na cyo kikayaha mudasobwa yabugenewe.

Ibinengwa ikoranabuhanga muri ruhago

N’ubwo hari bimwe byahindutse mu mupira ariko ntibikemure ibibazo byari bihari burundu, ariko benshi bemeranywa ko hari ibyakemutse kandi ikoranabuganga ryabaye ingirakamaro mu guteza imbere ruhago.

Ntibibuza ko hari byinshi rinengwa nko kuba riba rihenze cyane bigatuma rikoreshwa mu bihugu byateye imbere gusa bikaba imbogamizi kuko abakinnyi bose batabona amahirwe angana nyamara bakina umukino umwe ndetse banahurira mu marushanwa amwe.

Ikindi nka VAR na Goal-line Technology binengwa kuba byaragabanyije impaka mu mukino nyamara ari kimwe mu byatumaga uryoha ndetse abafana bakabona ibyo baganiraho na nyuma nk’igitego cyanzwe, icyatsindishijwe akaboko, ikarita itukura yatanzwe niba yari ngombwa n’ibindi.

Hazakurukiraho iki?

Ruhago irakomeza kwigarurira imitima ya benshi ku Isi ari nako ibigo bikomeye birushaho gushoramo akayabo k’amafaranga atagira ingano.

Abahanga nabo ntibasinzira, buri munsi barashaka kuzana ikoranabuhanga rishya haba mu kwerekana imikino, korohereza abakinnyi mu gihe bari mu kibuga. Ubu icyitezwe akaba ari uko bashobora kuzajya bambara ibibarinda imitwe (facemasks).

Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku bakinnyi 202 b’umupira w’amaguru muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika uzwi nka “American Football” mu 2017 bwagaragaje ko 177 bangana na 87% ubwonko bwabo bwangiritse.

Mu rwego rwo kugabanya ingaruka ziba ku bakinnyi haba mu gihe bagikina cyangwa nyuma yaho, abakina American Football bambara ingofero zirinda umutwe no mu maso.

Icyitezwe ni uko no mu mupira w’amaguru usanzwe, abakinnyi mu myaka iri imbere bashobora kuzajya bambara ingofero zibarinda kuba ubwonko bwabo bwakwangirika igihe batera umupira n’umutwe.