Byose byatewe no kuba abahanzi baratwawe n’inyungu z’abanyepolitiki, abanyendanini, abanyamashyari n’inyangabirama. Burya ngo “Isuri isanza ibyo isanze” , kandi “isuri isambira byinshi igasohoza bike”. Ese isuri yasambiye ubuhanzi bw’i Rwanda yabusohoje he, ite?
Dusubize amaso inyuma, kuva 1959 kugeza none
Mbere gato y’ubwigenge, indirimbo zahangwaga zitaka igihugu zikanasingiza umutware wacyo [umwami] no mu kwirahira hagarukagamo ijambo ‘umwami’, ukumva umuntu arirahira ati ‘Mba ndoga umwami’ ubwo ukamenya ko icyo avuze ari ukuri ntayegayezwa. Mu ndirimbo no mu mivugo bagasayuka bagira bati, ‘murakagira umwami’.
Nyuma y’ubwigenge ahakoreshwaga umwami hasimbujwe Perezida ariko ntibyabashije gufata ngo yirahirwe cyangwa asingizwe kuko agaciro abenegihugu bahaga umwami kari hejuru cyane y’ako bahaga Perezida mu gihe cya Repubulika.
Makanyaga Abdul umaze imyaka irenga 40 mu muziki, yashimangiye ko ku ngoma ya cyami abakoraga umuziki bitsitsaga ku ngingo zo kuvuga ibyiza, kwivuga imyato, gukunda no gushimagiza umwami. Yavuze ko indirimbo za poropaganda zuzuyemo urwango n’amagambo yoreka igihugu zagize umurindi cyane guhera mu 1959.
Ati “Nkurikije indirimbo naje nsanga, njye nakuze numva indirimbo z’urukundo n’izindi zavugaga ibyiza by’u Rwanda. Icyo gihe ku ngoma ya Rudahigwa nta ndirimbo z’urwango zahangwaga cyane, inkubiri yo guhanga izirimo ibitutsi no kwanga Abatutsi natangiye kuzumva mu 1959, nyuma muri Repubulika byarushijeho kuzamba, wasangaga hari abahanzi baririmba bagamije kubiba amacakubiri.”
Indirimbo z’urwango ku butegetsi bwa Kayibanda na Habyarimana
Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri, kuvuga ibigwi Umukuru w’Igihugu byakomeje kugaragara mu mbyino no mu ndirimbo gakondo kabone n’iyo zabaga zitavuga kuri politike. Urugero ni indirimbo zitagira ingano zasingizaga Perezida Kayibanda n’abitwaga intwari zazanye Repubulika ‘idahinyuka’. Kayibanda yarabyiniwe bishyira kera.
Ku ngoma ya Kayibanda abahanzi bakoraga umuziki abenshi bitsaga ku gusingiza no kuramya Perezida nk’umunyacyubahiro w’ikirenga, bamuhaga icyubahiro gisa n’icyo bahoze baha umwami ariko bigaca mu nganzo.
Muri Repubulika ya kabiri, iri singiza ryarakomeje nubwo nta rwego rw’igihugu rwabisabaga abahanzi, bo babyiyumvishaga nk’inshingano ngombwa ku muhanzi ukunda igihugu [patriote] n’ubutegetsi bwacyo. Aha niho usanga abahanzi nka Orchestre Impala yaragarukaga buri mwaka ku izina ryabaga ryatanzwe na Perezida nk’umurongo mugari w’igihugu mu mwaka wabaga utangiye.
Impala kandi zaririmbiye Perezida Habyarimana indirimbo ya Yubile y’imyaka 50, icyo gihe hari ku wa 8 Werurwe 1987. Iyi Orchestre yari inafite umwihariko wo guhanga indirimbo ishimagiza abayobozi bakuru n’ibikomerezwa byasuraga u Rwanda( Mobutu Seseko wa Zaire, Bagaza w’u Burundi, Perezida wa Koreya y’Epfo n’abandi).
Sebigeri Paul [Mimi La Rose] umwe mu bacuranzi ba Orchestre Impala yabwiye IGIHE ko indirimbo bahimbaga zegamiye kuri politike mu myaka yashize zose zakorwaga ahanini binyuze mu marushanwa yabaga yateguwe na leta.
Yavuze ko hari bamwe mu bahanzi babarizwaga mu mashyaka bityo bagahimba indirimbo zabaga zirimo icengezamatwara y’ibyo abayobozi babo babaga bashaka.
Ati “Indirimbo twakoraga zabaga zanyuze mu irushanwa, nko mu buhinzi cyangwa mu bidukikije bateguragamo irushanwa hanyuma bakatubwira insanganyamatsiko tukaririmba […] No kuri Yubile ya Perezida niko byabaga bimeze, baravugaga ngo wenda indirimbo ya mbere izahembwa ibihumbi 300, iya kabiri 250, Impala rero twajyaga mu irushanwa kugira ngo tubone ayo mafaranga kandi koko tugatsinda, ni gutyo nyinshi twazihimbaga.”
“Ku ruhande rwanjye sinajyaga mu by’amashyaka cyangwa kwivanga mu bya politike, nakundaga gusenga no guharanira icyanteza imbere. Ubundi nk’inama nagira abahanzi ni ugukora ibishoboka byose ugahanga indirimbo ifasha abantu bose, ivuga ibyiza, kuko natwe abahanzi usanga mu bafana dukundwa na bose, urumva ko no mu kuririmba dukwiye kuririmba dushaka icyahuza Abanyarwanda.”
Byumvuhore Jean Baptiste na Mboneye Rudabari Eulade bakoze umuzingo w’indirimbo zo kwakira Papa Yohani Pawulo wa Kabiri ubwo yasuraga u Rwanda mu 1990. Indirimbo zamenyekanye cyane kuri uwo muzingo ni Kaze neza mubyeyi mwiza, Uru Rwanda ujemo ni Paradizo n’izindi.
Byumvuhore yakoze indirimbo yitwa Demokarasi irahenda ikubiyemo politike kuva ku ngoma ya Kayibanda kugera ku ya Habyarimana. Yanahanze izindi zirimo ‘Abapariloma’, ‘Kabe Gake’ n’izindi zivuga kuri politike.
Indirimbo rutwitsi z’Abanyuramatwi
Nk’uko muri Repubulika ya mbere abahanzi bakomeye nk’Itorero Abanyuramatwi baririmbye icyo bise ‘Ibigwi by’Abaperimehutu’, ibigwi by’abarwanashyaka ba Repubulika n’ibigwi by’impirimbanyi za demokarasi.
Abanyuramatwi nibo bavuyemo bamwe mu mena zashinze Chorale de Kigali nka Matayo Ngirumpatse wanateguraga zimwe mu mbwirwaruhame za Perezida Habyarimana. Abagize iri torero baririmbaga mu majwi y’umwimerere. Ni nabo mu 1962 baririmbye indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu, yacuranzwe na ‘compagnie musique’ y’ingabo z’Ababiligi.
Mu ndirimbo bahanze harimo izabibaga amacakubiri n’urwango ariko by’umwihariko bagahimba ‘bibasira ubwoko bw’Abatutsi’ ari nawo murongo abarimo Bikindi Simoni bakurikije.
No muri Repubulika ya kabiri habonetse n’abasingiza ishyaka rimwe rukumbi (Muvoma/MRND) ryari mu gihugu. Ku isonga haza Captaine Nsengiyumva Bernard wari unakuriye compagnie musique (icuranga indirimbo za gisirikare), uyu ni we wahimbye indirimbo (Hymne) ya MRND yamamaye cyane ku nyito aho yavugaga ngo ‘umugambi ni umwe banyarwanda, amahoro ubumwe n’amajyambere, MRND yacu nziza sugira usagambe mu Rwanda.”
Captaine Nsengiyumva ni na we waririmbye iyiswe ‘Komera Habyarimana, Komera’. Uyu musirikare ab’ubu bamwibukira cyane mu ndirimbo ‘Adela Mukasine’[yatsinze mu irushanwa ryo gukangurira Abanyarwanda kwiga, gusoma no kwandika], ‘Inderabuzima’[Ukeneye ibiwubaka] iyi yatsinze mu irushanwa ryateguwe na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage[yitwaga Ministere de la santé et des affaires socials MINISAFASO].
Mu 1990, Orchestre Abamararungu yaririmbiye Perezida Habyarimana iyo bise ‘Intwari idacogora ku rugamba’, Impala na zo zungamo mu yindi yiswe ‘Tuzaguherekeza mu nzira y’amajyambere’.
Mu 1987, Rugamba Sipiriyani afatanyije n’Amasimbi n’amakombe, bamuririmbiye bagira bati ‘Uri imparirwa kubarusha wowe uharanira amahoro urakayahorana’, icyo gihe bamurataga ubutwari no kwitangira u Rwanda.
Icyo gihe Sebanani André na we yaririmbiye ataka Habyarimana kuri Yubile y’imyaka 50 agira ati ‘Dore impundu, ayiiiii, mubyeyi w’u Rwanda Imana ikongerere ubuzima…’ Uwo mwaka Perezida yari yarawise uwo kwihaza mu biribwa.
Kayirebwa Cécile amutanaga mu ndirimbo ‘Uw’Imana yahaye ubumanzi’, hari n’izindi ndirimbo nyinshi zaririmbwe mu 1987 ku bwa Yubile y’imyaka 50 Habyarimana yari amaze avutse, zikanateguriza manda yatorewe mu 1988. Imwe muri zo yabyinwaga ivumbi rigatumuka ni “Dore umunyana we (X2), uwanga fondateri ntakatubemo dore umunyana weeee!”
Bikindi Simoni, kizigenza mu babibye urwango
Inkubiri y’impinduramatwara mu buhanzi bwegamiye kuri politike yatangijwe n’urugamba rwaremeshejwe n’umuhanzi Bikindi Simoni wakoreraga Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko n’Amakoperative [MIJECOP], ubwo yaririmbaga iy’umuriri utyaye ku munsi w’ubwigenge bw’u Rwanda ku nshuro ya 25 muri 1987.
Bikindi yagize ati ‘Twasezereye Ingoma ya cyami, ingoyi ya gihake na gikoronize birajyana, tubona demokarasi itwizihiye muze twishimire ubwigenge…’ , hari aho yageraga akidoga cyane ati “Mwibuke ikiboko, mwibuke shiku, njye ndi muto cyane sinabibonye, ndashima Imana yandinze ayo mahano, …”, n’andi magambo menshi yo kwihenura ku butegetsi bwa mbere ya Repubulika.
Urugamba rw’Inkotanyi rwatumye abahanzi b’imbere mu gihugu bagira aho babogamira
Hari n’izindi zakozwe n’abahanzi banyuranye cyane cyane mu bihe by’urugamba rwo mu 1990-1994, nk’iyitwa ‘Nta mpongano y’umwanzi’ n’izindi z’amatorero nka ‘Irindiro’ rya Bikindi Simoni, zashimagizaga ubutwari bwa Habyarimana wari Umugaba w’Ikirenga, Mwitenawe Augustin yungamo ati ‘Abo umwami yahaye amata ni bo bamwimye amatwi’ aninura bamwe mu bari abacuruzi b’abaherwe imbere mu gihugu icyo gihe bateraga inkunga ibikorwa by’urugamba rw’Inkotanyi.
Ku rundi ruhande, Kayirebwa yagiraga ati “None twaza twambaye mwajya he” [avuga ko Inkotanyi zije] akikirizwa na Loti Bizimana wagiraga ati “Nzaza nshagawe, nzaza nanigirije nk’umwana ujya iwabo”, izindi ndirimbo zabanjirijwe n’iz’urukumbuzi rukangurira abari baraheze ishyanga gutaha mu rwababyaye nka ‘Ubarijoro’ ya Karemera Rodrigue wagiraga ati ‘uzagire ugaruke ubarijoro twese uko turi turagukumbuye, …i Bugande niyo haba heza hate rwose nta gihugu cyaruta u Rwanda’.
Mu gihe bamwe mu bahanzi b’imbere mu gihugu bavugaga ko Inkotanyi zitazarenga umutaru ku rugamba zarwanaga, Loti Bizimana yabavuniye mu ivi agira ati ‘Igifaransa kirakamye’ abibutsa ko bari gukamwa amakuru [bari mu marembera]. Iyi ndirimbo yaninuraga abari bafashwe neza ku ngoma ya Habyarimana yari mu marembera.
Perezida Habyarimana yari yaratuye ko igihugu ari nk’ikirahuriri cyuzuye amazi abashaka gutahuka batabona aho bajya, umuhanzi Mugabo Yusitini yashushe nk’umusubiza agira ati ‘Ntukarerere ishyanga ngo ugaburire ishyamba’ mu ndirimbo ‘Mpore Rwanda’.
Muri ibyo bihe by’urugamba, umuhanzi Kagambage Alexandre we yaririmbye ku buzima bw’abatanye n’ababo batabariye igihugu. Nubwo indirimbo ye yayikoreye imbere mu gihugu yabaye intashyo kuri benshi kandi bo ku mpande zombi (FPR Inkotanyi na EX-FAR) mu ndirimbo yise Sergent yari afite umukunzi…
Ingabo nazo ku mpande zombi zaririmbaga zitera akanyabugabo, hari nk’iyamamaye cyane yitwa ‘Iya mbere ukwakira’, ‘Songa mbele mpaka Nyamijos’, ‘Tuzarwubaka’,…Mu gihe ku ruhande rwa FAR hari ‘Intinganda’, ‘Inzirabwoba…abahungu mu rya Kagoma’, ariko iyazirushije umuriri ikaba “Ingabo z’u Rwanda dukomere inyangarwanda twazikubise inshuro’.
Nyuma y’urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda…
Mu bahanzi b’abasivile bigaragaje cyane mu gihe cy’urugamba, uw’imena ni Bikindi Simoni utarahwemye kurikokereza mu ndirimbo zumvikanishaga uburyo ‘Inzirabwoba’ zari intatsimburwa ku rugamba ndetse agahanga aca intege ‘Inkotanyi’ zakotaniraga kubohora u Rwanda.
Bikindi akigera muri Zaire yahimbye indirimbo ebyiri z’umurindi, imwe yayise ‘Tubaye turubatije’ n’iyitwa ‘Rwigere urumpe’, izi zaciye ibintu i Goma na Bukavu, mu mpunzi zahoraga zirota kugaruka mu Rwanda ku ruhembe rw’umuheto.
Icyo gihe abari mu gihugu bo bibyiniraga ‘Intsinzi’ ya Mariya Yohana, ‘Twararutashye’, ‘Zagishe zitashye zisanga amarembo adadiye…’ ya Marchall de Gaule n’izindi zumvikanishaga umudendezo wari wagarutse mu Rwanda, ishema ryo gukunda igihugu no kurata ubutwari bw’inkotanyi zabohoye igihugu.
Nyuma gato haje indirimbo nshya mu matwi y’Abanyarwanda zijyanye no kwibuka abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Nyiranyamibwa yaririmbye ‘Mbaze nde’, ‘u Rwanda rwa Gasabo’, ‘Nyumva Mana’ n’izindi. Munyanshoza aririmba ‘Mibirizi’ yanamwitiriwe, ‘Imfura zo ku Mugote’ n’izindi.
Ni benshi bahanze ku nsanganyamatsiko yo kwibuka ndetse na n’ubu baracyahanga, abibukwa cyane muri izi ndirimbo harimo nka Masamba Intore, Kizito Mihigo [yahimbye izijyanye na Politike no kwibuka mbere y’uko afungwa], Senderi International Hit n’abandi.
Uretse indirimbo za Politike, abahanzi ba nyuma ya 1994 bahanze bitsitsa cyane ku nsanganyamatsiko ziruhura ubwonko, iz’urukundo, izo kuruhura umubiri. Bamwe muri bo bunganiye gahunda za leta mu bihangano bigamije kwigirira icyizere, guhanga umurimo, gukunda igihugu, ubutwari, agaciro n’ibindi.
Abahanzi bariho ubu berekanye itandukaniro
Mu gihe cya Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri hari bamwe mu bahanzi bakoreshaga amagambo akeba ku rurimi n’andi yuzuyemo urwango na poropaganda mbi, hari n’abajyaga mu nganzo bagamije gucura intwaro [ya muzika] yifashishijwe mu icengezamatwara n’ubukangurambaga bweruye muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Bikindi Simoni, ni urugero fatizo rugaragaza uburyo hari abahanzi bagize uruhare rweruye muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ndetse yafashwe mu 2001 aza gukatirwa imyaka 15 y’igifungo.
Leta y’ubumwe imaze gutanga ituze mu gihugu, yashyizeho umurongo muzima ndetse iha igihugu icyerekezo. Nyuma y’imyaka 23 igihugu gisenywe na Jenoside, ubu u Rwanda rwariyubatse ndetse rubarirwa mu bihugu bihagaze neza mu muvuduko w’iterambere bigizwemo uruhare rukomeye na politike y’imiyoborere myiza.
Mu migambi mikuru Leta y’u Rwanda ifite harimo kwita ku buzima bw’abaturage, uburezi buha urubuga abana b’igihugu nta kurobanura, kubaka ubumwe n’ubwiyunge mu Banyarwanda wo musingi w’iterambere, uburinganire, umutekano, guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga n’ibindi bitarondoreka.
Mu gihe abahanzi bo hambere barimo benshi bijanditse muri jenoside, baririmbaga basakaza ubutumwa bw’urwango; abahanzi b’ubu bakora umuziki wibanda ku nsanganyamatsiko ibumbatiye zose ‘urukundo’ mu bantu. Ibyo baririmba, bagaruka cyane ku buzima busanzwe bwa buri munsi bw’abatuye igihugu gitekanye, kizira amacakubiri n’urwango.
Bibanda ku cyatuma buri muturage abona ituze kandi akabana neza na mugenzi we, uwitwa Mani Martin yakoze iyitwa ‘Icyo dupfana kiruta icyo dupfa’. Iyi ndirimbo itanga umuti ku makimbirane n’inzangano, yigisha Abanyarwanda guharanira kuba imbuto z’amahoro, kurangwa n’urukundo no gufatanya muri byose. Nyuma yaririmbye izindi nyinshi avuga amahoro nko mu yitwa ‘Intero y’amahoro’, ‘Amani’ n’izindi nyinshi.
Nyuma gato ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hari nyinshi mu ndirimbo zakozwe ndetse zikarema agatima abari baratorongejwe mu gihugu cyabo, nk’iyitwa ‘Hobe’ ya Natty Dread, benshi bayiyumvishemo ikanabagarurira icyizere cy’uko bongeye gukandagira mu rwababyaye.
Kamaliza na we yaje ahumuriza imitima ya benshi mu yitwa ‘Humura Rwanda nziza’, akimara kuyihimba, yarakunzwe cyane ndetse n’Umunyarwanda wese wayumvaga nyuma ya Jenoside yiyumvagamo icyizere n’umutuzo w’uko igihugu cye gitekanye kandi kigana heza.
Ingero z’abaririmba umuziki urimo icyanga cy’urukundo n’ibyishimo ntizirondoreka, kuko nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi benshi mu rubyiruko rwagannye umuziki ruririmba urukundo, ibyishimo, kugira neza, ibyiza bihari, ituze mu bantu n’ibindi. Abakunzwe cyane kurusha abandi mu gihugu ni abaririmba ‘urukundo’ ndetse benshi babiherewe imidali n’ibihembo bikomeye nka Tom Close watwaye PGGSS ya mbere, King James wamukurikiye n’abandi batabarika.
Urebye abahanzi b’iki gihe usanga ibyo baririmba bijyanye n’aho u Rwanda rugeze ndetse no gushimangira ko ‘baharanira kubona igihugu cyabo kiri mu byishimo bisendereye’.
Umubare munini w’abakora umuziki muri iki gihe baciye akenge nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi abandi bavutse nyuma ya 1994 barererwa mu mwuka w’imiyoborere myiza no gutozwa gusakaza urukundo mu bantu bityo bikaba bigoye kumva uwaririmbye yangisha mugenzi be abandi cyangwa abiba amacakubiri kuko Leta iriho ihanganye no kuyarandura burundu ahubwo ikigisha abantu kubana neza no guhihibikanira icyabateza imbere.
Niyo mpamvu abahanzi nka Teta Diana, Bruce Melody, Christopher, Buravan n’abandi usanga baririmba za ‘Velo’, ‘Ijuru rito’, ‘Just a dance’ zigatwara roho abatabarika kuko muri iki kinyejana nibyo bigezweho, umuhanzi wakwihandagaza akaririmba abiba urwango iyo ndirimbo yazayumva wenyine nabwo yihishe ahatagerwa kuko yakwamaganirwa kure.
Abahanzi bake cyane muri iki gihe nibo baririmba kuri gahunda nziza leta ifitiye abaturage, ukumva nka Senderi Hit aravuga ati ‘u Rwanda rwaribohoye, ruragendwa ijoro n’amanywa’, Tuyisenge Intore akaza agira ati ‘Unkumbuje u Rwanda rwuje inka zidateka kuko Abanyarwanda bahuza imbaraga zubaka igihugu, mu miyoborere myiza twageze kuri byinshi, mu buhinzi twageze kuri byinshi…’
Abaririmba ibyerekeye politike muri iki gihe baririmba iterambere, inama z’ubuzima, ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda, nk’itsinda Kamajeshi ribarizwamo abasirikare n’umucungagereza bagaterura baririmba bati ‘Gihugu cyatubyaye, Rwanda nziza kabeho, amaboko y’abawe ahore agukorera […] Mucyo dukorane umwete u Rwanda rwamamare ku Isi hose, amahanga yigane umuco wacu, dushyire hamwe twese, twubake u Rwanda tube akarorero mu mpera z’Isi zose…” Ibi biguha ishusho y’uburyo abaturage ubwabo batekereza muri iki gihe.
Twanzura…
Iyi nkuru yakozwe mu mujyo wo kwerekana ko amateka y’u Rwanda akwiye kuvugwa, si byiza kuyibagirwa cyangwa kuyahisha abatarayabayemo kuko ‘nitwigira ku mateka bizatuma twubaka ejo hazaza twirinda gusubira mu makosa yabayeho mu myaka ishize’.
Abaturage b’u Rwanda 60% ni urubyiruko kandi umubare munini warwo nta bumenyi bwimbitse ufite ku mateka igihugu cyanyuzemo, ni byiza cyane kurusobanurira hato ngo rutazagwa mu moshya rukijandika mu makosa yashyize igihugu mu kaga Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi igahitana ubuzima bw’abasaga miliyoni.
Byumvuhore yahimbiye indirimbo Papa ubwo yaje mu Rwanda mu 1990
TANGA IGITEKEREZO