Mu muco wo hambere mu Rwanda, wasangaga umutungo uhererekanywa mu muryango biciye mu kubakira abana babo cyangwa se kuzungura. Abana b’abahungu nibo bonyine bahabwaga umunani bakanazungura ababyeyi babo mu gihe bapfuye; naho abakobwa wasangaga nta kintu bagenerwa mu muryango, bakagira umwe muri basaza babo (umutware w’umuryango) uzabagenera umutungo bazabamo mu gihe bazaba babaye indushyi.

Umwana w’umukobwa wabaga ashatse, nta mutungo ufatika yajyanaga aho ashyingiwe usibye ibishyingiranwa bigizwe n’imitungo yimukanwa nk’ibikoresho byo mu rugo n’imyambaro. Ibi bikaba byaramuviragamo ko mu gihe babaga batandukanye cyangwa se uwo bashakanye apfuye, umugore yagendaga amara masa, usibye kandi ko bashoboraga kumuha imperekeza nayo idafatika.

Aho rero Itegeko nº 42/1988 ryo ku wa 27 Ukwakira 1988 rishyiraho Interuro y’Ibanze n’igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano riziye mu 1988 naryo ntacyo ryavugaga ku mutungo umugore yagiragaho uburenganzira haba aho ashyingiwe ndetse n’aho avuka.

Mu gihe umugore yabaga apfakaye, nta mwana afitanye na nyakwigendera, umuntu wabaga azunguye umugabo we yagiraga ibintu agenera umupfakazi, kandi akabimugenera mu mutungo yabaga yarashakanye n’umugabo we.

Ikibazo cy’izungura cyaje kuba ingorabahizi nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Ibi bikaba byaratewe n’uko hari abapfakazi benshi ndetse n’imfubyi zarimo guhezwa ku mutungo w’aho bavuka n’aho bashatse bishigiye ku muco.

Niyo mpamvu Leta y’u Rwanda, biciye mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, hashyizweho itegeko N° 22/99 ryo kuwa 12/11/1999 Ryuzuza Igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’Amategeko Mbonezamubano kandi rishyiraho Igice cya gatanu cyerekeye imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’izungura.

Mu bihugu byinshi, mu miryango igitanga “umunani” hashingiwe ku muco, abana b’abahungu nibo bitabwaho gusa. Myinshi muri iyi miryango ngo ikaba itanga umunani w’ubutaka ku mwana w’umuhungu ugeze igihe cyo kubaka urwe. Nyamara ariko, ibi siko bigendekera mushiki we wo mu kigero cye.

Henshi kandi, umwana w’umuhungu aracyafite uburenganzira bwo kwaka umunani we, mu gihe umukobwa we, n’ubundi mu muco byari nk’ikizira, n’ubu rero ntiyatinyuka kwaka umunani we ndetse n’uwatse ababyeyi benshi ntibawumuha.

Gusa mu Rwanda iri tegeko ryaje gukemura byinshi mu bibazo byari Bihari aho navuga ko ryashyizeho uburinganire mu izungura, uburyo izungura rikorwa n’igihe izungura rikorwa.

UMUNANI NI IKI?

Itanga ry’umunani ni igikorwa ababyeyi bakora bakiriho kigamije kugabira
umutungo abana babo cyangwa ababakomokaho bagahita bawegukana, bikitwa ko
bashoje inshingano yo kubarera no kububakira nk’uko bisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 42 y’Itegeko n°22/99 rigena izungura.

Abana bose nta vangura hagati y’abahungu n’abakobwa abariho n’abahagarariye
abakomoka ku bana bapfuye mbere y’ababyeyi, uretse abaciwe kubera kwitwara
nabi cyangwa guhemuka, bagira uburenganzira ku munani nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 43 y’iri tegeko.

UMURAGE NI IKI?

Nk’uko bisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 47 y’itegeko rigenga izungura, Umurage ni ikintu cyangwa ibintu bitanzwe na nyirabyo akiriho, ubihawe akabyegukana uwabimuhaye atakiriho.

Hashobora kubaho umurage kuri byose, umurage ku bintu bimwe n’umurage ku bintu bizwi:

– umurage kuri byose ni umurage ugizwe n’umutungo wose w’uraga;
– umurage kuri bimwe ni umurage ugizwe n’igice kimwe cy’umutungo w’uraga;
– umurage ku bintu bizwi ni umurage ugizwe n’ibintu bizwi mu mutungo w’uraga.
– Umurage uwariwo wose ugomba kugaragaza uwawuhawe cyangwa
abawuhawe.

Iyo umuntu araze umutungo we abakene b’ahantu hazwi, umurage wakirwa n’amakomini (Ubu byabaye Uturere) yabo igihe abazungura bahabwa imirwi yabo ugashyikirizwa abawugenewe.

Iyo araze umutungo we abakene batazwi, umurage ufatwa nk’uwahawe abakene bose ba Segiteri (Umurenge) y’aho nyakwigendera yari atuye cyangwa aho yabaga iyo uwaraze ari umunyamahanga.

IZUNGURA NI IKI?

Ingingo ya 49 isobanura ko Kuzungura ni uguhabwa ububasha n’inshingano ku mutungo n’imyenda bya nyakwigendera.

Izungura ritangira iyo umuntu amaze gupfa, rikabera ahantu yari atuye cyangwa aho yabaga.

Abana amategeko mbonezamubano yemera ko ari aba nyakwigendera bazungura ku buryo, bungana nta vangura hagati y’umwana w’umuhungu n’uw’umukobwa.

Igihe cy’igabana ry’umutungo uzungurwa n’abana, inama y’umuryango igena umutungo wo kurera abana bakiri bato n’ugomba guhita ugabanywa abana bose ba nyakwigendera.

Iyo abana bose bamaze gukura, bagabana ku buryo bungana umutungo usigaye k’uwareraga abana bari bato.

Uzungura wese, igihe yemeye kuzungura, agomba kwishyura imyenda ya nyakwigendera hakurikijwe umugabane we mu izungura.

Ingingo ya 53 isobanura igihe umuntu atemerewe kuzungura:

Ntiyemerewe kuzungura, umuntu wese yaba abyemererwa n’amategeko yangwa yararazwe:

1. Iyo yakatiwe igihano bitewe no kuba yarishe abishaka nyakwigendera cyangwa
yarabigambiriye;
2. Iyo yakatiwe igihano bitewe no kuba yarareze nyakwigendera amubeshyera cyangwa bitewe n’ikinyoma yavuze yatanzweho umugabo, mu gihe icyo kinyoma
cyari gutuma nyakwigendera ahanishwa nibura igifungo cy’amezi atandatu;
3. Iyo yaciye umubano abishaka na nyakwigendera igihe yari akiriho;
4. Iyo yanze kwita kuri nyakwigendera akiriho mu gihe yagombaga kumufata neza
kubera indwara ye ya nyuma, kandi abitegekwa n’amategeko cyangwa umuco;
5. Iyo yitwaje intege nke z’umubiri cyangwa zo mu mutwe bya nyakwigendera
akigarurira umutungo we uzungurwa cyangwa igice cyawo;
6. Iyo yarigishije, akangiza cyangwa akagira ibyo ahimba mu nyandiko abyitirira
umurage wa nyuma wa Nyakwigendera cyangwa agakoresha umurage wataye
agaciro.

Hashingiwe ku bivugwa mu gika cya 3, 4, 5 na 6 by’ingingo ya 53 y’itegeko rigena izungura, Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rw’aho nyakwigendera yari atuye cyangwa aho yabaga, nirwo rwemeza ko uwari kuzungura yambuwe ubwo burenganzira. Ikirego gitangwa mu buryo bw’ibirego byihutirwa.

Izungura rikorwa nta rage cyangwa ku buryo bw’irage ry’ibintu byose cyangwa
bimwe muri byo.

IZUNGURA RIKURIKIJE IRAGE

Irage ni igikorwa umuntu akora agena amerekezo y’umutungo we mu gihe azaba atakiriho, akagaragaza n’ ibyifuzo bye bya nyuma.

Ibintu nyakwigendera atatanze mu irage bikurikiza amategeko agenga izungura nta rage.

Irage rishobora gukorwa mu mvugo, mu nyandiko bwite cyangwa mu nyandiko mpamo.

Irage mpamo ni irage rikorewe imbere y’umwanditsi w’inyandiko mpamo cyangwa imbere y’umwanditsi w’irangamimerere w’aho uraga atuye cyangwa aho
aba.

Irage rikozwe mu nyandiko bwite ni irage ryanditswe rigashyirwaho itariki n’umukono by’ uraga.

Iyo uraga atazi kwandika, cyangwa abizi ariko adashobora ubwe kwandika cyangwa gushyira umukono ku irage rye, ahitamo ubimukorera.

Irage ryanditswe muri ubwo buryo rigomba guhabwa agaciro n’umwanditsi w’irangamimerere cyangwa w’inyandiko mpamo w’aho ryandikiwe, uwaraze ahibereye.

Irage mvugo ni irage rikorerwa imbere y’abazungura b’ibanze bose cyangwa se bamwe muri bo n’abagabo byibuze babiri.

Igihe abazungura b’ibanze batabonetse, abagabo baba bane byibura:

Ibiteganywa n’irage bishobora kuba mu mirage myinshi kandi ikubahirizwa icyarimwe mu buryo bwose bushobotse.

Iyo Ibiteganywa n’imirage ibiri cyangwa myinshi bibangamiranye, hubahirizwa ibikubiye mu irage riheruka gukorwa.

Irage rishobora kuvanwaho ryose cyangwa igice cyaryo n’uwaraze, mu buryo bumwe n’ubusabwa kugira ngo irage rigire agaciro.

Uraga ashobora gushyiraho umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi bashinzwe kwegeranya no kugabagabanya umutungo uzungurwa.

IZUNGURA NTA RAGE

Izungura nta rage ni izungura rikorwa hakurikijwe itegeko, iyo nta rage ryabayeho.

Mu masezerano y’Ivanguramutungo, abazungura bakurikiza urutonde rukurikira:

1. Abana ba nyakwigendera;
2. Se na nyina ba nyakwigendera;
3. Abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera basangiye se na nyina;
4. Abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera basangiye umubyeyi umwe;
5. Ba se wabo, ba nyirasenge, ba nyirarume na ba nyina wabo ba nyakwigendera.

Usibye se na nyina ba nyakwigendera, abazungura bapfuye mbere ya nyakwigendera bahagararirwa mu izungura n’ababakomokaho.

Buri rwego rw’abazungura ruzitira izindi mu rutonde rw’izungura.

Abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera bahuje umubyeyi umwe, ba se wabo, ba nyirasenge, ba nyina wabo, ba nyirarume, ba bamwana n’abaramu ntibazungura isambu ya nyakwigendera yahawe n’umuryango akomokaho iyo badahuriye ku gisekuru cyayimuhaye, keretse iyo bigaragaye ko abahuriye nawe ku gisekuru cyamugabiye iyo sambu batakiriho.

Abashyingiranywe bafitanye amasezerano y’ivangamutungo rusange bazungurwa ku buryo bukurikira:

1. Iyo umwe apfuye, usigaye asigarana umutungo wose akubahiriza inshingano yo kurera abana no gufasha ababyeyi ba nyakwigendera iyo babikeneye;

2. Iyo bombi bapfuye bagasiga abana, umutungo wose uzungurwa n’abana bagafasha ba sekuru na ba nyirakuru. Iyo hari abana badahuriyeho, umutungo ugabanywamo kabiri buri mwana akazungura umubyeyi we;

3. Iyo bombi bapfuye badasize abana, umutungo ugabanywamo kabiri, 1/2 kigahabwa abazungura b’umugabo ikindi kigahabwa abazungura b’umugore;

4. Iyo uwapfakaye nta mwana afitanye na nyakwigendera akongera gushaka asigarana 1/2 cy’umutungo bafatanyije ikindi 1/2 kigahabwa abazungura ba
nyakwigendera;

5. Iyo uwapfakaye ataye inshingano yo gufasha ababyeyi ba nyakwigendera, inama
y’umuryango igenera abo babyeyi icyo bazungura mu mutungo wa Nyakwigendera;

6. Iyo uwapfakaye ataye inshingano yo kurera abana yasigiwe na nyakwigendera, yamburwa 3/4 by’umutungo wose bigahabwa abana;

7. Iyo nta mwana wa nyakwigendera uwapfakaye akirera, akongera gushaka, atwara
1/2 cy’umutungo wose, ikindi 1/2 gihabwa abazungura ba nyakwigendera;

8. Iyo uwapfakaye agiye kongera gushaka akagumana inshingano yo kurera abana
yasigiwe na nyakwigendera, ahabwa 1/4 cy’umutungo wose, 3/4 agakomeza
kubicungira abana ba nyakwigendera;

9. Iyo uwapfakaye atongeye gushaka, akabyara umwana cyangwa abana batari aba
nyakwigendera, igihe cy’izungura ry’abana,1/2 cy’umutungo wose kiba umwihariko
w’abana ba nyakwigendera, ½ gisigaye abana bose b’uwapfakaye bakakigiramo
uruhare ku buryo bungana hatarebwe aba nyakwigendera n’ab’uwapfakaye
yabyaye ahandi.

Iyo ntawe uzungura cyangwa uragwa uhari, izungura ryitwa ko ridafite nyiraryo; umutungo uzungurwa ugahita wegurirwa Leta.

UMUTUNGO UZUNGURWA

Ibarura ry’umutungo rikorwa nyakwigendera akimara gupfa kugirango umutungo uzungurwa umenyekane.

Iryo barura ntirikorwa ku mutungo abashyingiranywe bahuriyeho keretse iyo uwapfakaye agiye kongera gushyingirwa.

Uwapfakaye akomeza kuba mu nzu bwite ya nyakwigendera babanagamo hamwe n’ibikoresho byose biyirimo iyo aribyo byonyine bigize umutungo uzungurwa cyangwa ari bimwe mu biwugize.

Iyo uwapfakaye agiye kongera gushyingirwa inama ishinzwe iby’izungura ishobora kwerneza ko aguma mu mutungo yasigaranye bishingiye ku nyungu z’abana.

Iyo uwapfakaye yifuje kugurisha, kugwatiriza cyangwa kugurana umutungo yasigaranye, inama ishinzwe iby’izungura igasanga bibangamiye inyungu z’urugo, ishobora gusaba urukiko mu kirego cy’ihutirwa ko rumwambura ubwo burenganzira.

Umutungo uzungurwa ugabanywa uko uri. Ariko, iyo bidashobotse ko umutungo uterwamo imirwi uko bimeze mu migabane ingana, inama ishinzwe izungura igena inshumbushyanyo abazungura babonye umugabane munini batahawe n’itegeko cyangwa irage, baha ababonye umuto.

Igice cy’impano kirenze ibishobora gutangwa gishobora kugaruzwa n’uwo ariwe wese mu bazungura bazigamirwa. Abazungura bazigamirwa ni uwapfakaye n’abana.

Ikintu cyatanzwe mbere y’ imyaka itatu ibanziriza umunsi izungura ritangiriyeho ntigishobora kugaruzwa.

IYEGERANYA N’IGABAGABANYA RY’IBIZUNGURWA

Iyegeranya n’igabagabanya by’umutungo uzungurwa bikorwa n’uwabirazwe na nyakwigendera. Iyo adahari bikorwa n’inama ishinzwe iby’izungura cyangwa uwabishinzwe n’Urukiko.

Inama ishinzwe iby’izungura igizwe na:

– Uwapfakaye;
– Umwana uhagarariye abandi iyo hari abana bakuru yasize;
– Uhagarariye umuryango wa nyakwigendera;
– Uhagarariye umuryango w’uwapfakaye;
– Inshuti nyangamugayo imwe itangwa n’umuryango w’uwapfakaye;
– Inshuti nyangamugayo imwe itangwa n’umuryango wa nyakwigendera.

Umuyobozi w’inama ishinzwe iby’izungura atangwa n’umuryango wa nyakwigendera, umwanditsi wayo agatangwa n’umuryango w’uwapfakaye.

Ibyemezo by’inama ishinzwe iby’izungura bifatwa abayigize bose bahari bakabishyiraho umukono.

Perezida w’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, abisabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha cyangwa Umuyobozi w’aho izungura ribera, cyangwa umwe mu bazungura, ashyiraho ushinzwe iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’ibizungurwa iyo abazungura bataramenyekana cyangwa baranze bose kuzungura cyangwa haravutse impaka zikabije ku buryo bw’igabagabanya.

Ushinzwe iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’ibizungurwa afite inshingano zikurikira:

1. Gucunga umutungo uzungurwa;
2. Kwishyura imyenda yasizwe n’uzungurwa igejeje igihe;
3. Kugena burundu abagomba kuzungura;
4. Gufata icyemezo iyo habaye impaka no kutumvikana ku migabane;
5. Kugaragariza imicungire y’umutungo abagomba kuzungura cyangwa urukiko.

Mu kwishyura imyenda ikurwa ku mutungo uzungurwa, ushinzwe iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’umutungo agomba kubahiriza urutonde rukurikira:

l. Ibyatanzwe mu ishyingurwa rya nyakwigendera;
2. Imishahara nyakwigendera yagombaga guhemba;
3. Ibyatanzwe mu icunga, iyegeranya n’igabagabanya-mutungo;
4. Imyenda ya nyakwigendera;
6. Umurage ku bintu bizwi watanzwe na nyakwigendera.

Ntawe uhatirwa kwemera kuzungura cyangwa gufata umurage. Kwemera kuzungura bigaragazwa n’uko uzungura yemeye ku mugaragaro ko ari umuzungura.

Kwemera kuzungura ntibisubirwaho kandi bigira agaciro guhera umunsi w’urupfu rwa nyakwigendera. Uwanga kuzungura agomba kubikora mu gibe cy’amezi atatu uhereye igihe ushinzwe iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’umutungo yamumenyeshereje ukuzungura kwe cyangwa igihe yagaragarije ko afite, uburenganzira bwo kuzungura.

Kwanga kuzungura bigomba gukorwa mu nyandiko kandi bikamenyeshwa ushinzwe iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’umutungo; Kwanga kuzungura bituma ubikoze afatwa nk’aho atigeze aba umuzungura.

Kwanga kuzungura ntibisubirwaho nyuma y’igihe giteganywa n’ingingo ya 87 keretse iyo byakozwe hakoreshejwe uburiganya, ingufu cyangwa iterabwoba, kandi bikaregerwa mu rukiko mu gibe cy’amezi atandatu uhereye igihe birangiriye. Icyo
gihe gishobora kongerwa habonetse impamvu zigaragara kandi zifatika.

Ibibazo bikunze kugaragara mu miryango birimo n’ibijyanye n’izungura byitezweho kubonerwa igisubizo n‘umushinga w’itegeko rigenga imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranwe, impano zitanzwe mu rwego rw’umuryango n’izungura, wemerejwe ishingiro n‘inteko rusange y’Umutwe w’Abadepite kuwa 21 Ukuboza 2013.