U Rwanda: Imbuto zo gukunda igihugu nyabyo
Tariki ya 1 Ukwakira 2013, u Rwanda rwibutse ku nshuro ya 23 itangizwa ry’urugamba rwo kwibohora. Iyi tariki kandi ihurirana n’umunsi wo gukunda igihugu. Ni umwanya mwiza Abanyarwanda bibuka intwari zose zemeye guhara ubuzima bwazo kugira ngo zibohore u Rwanda, ndetse ni n’umwanya wo kwibuka no gushimira intwari zidahwema gukora ibishoboka byose ngo zikomeze kubaka u Rwanda, nk’igihugu ntangarugero giharanira iterambere rirambye ku bagituye. Ni umwanya kandi wo gusuzuma ibyo u Rwanda rumaze kugeraho, bishingiye ku musingi washyizweho n’abarwitangiye, no gutegura uko ibyiza dukesha intwari zacu byasigasirwa ngo bizarambe iteka.
Gukunda igihugu, byumvikana neza iyo bishyizwe mu buzima bw’abanyagihugu runaka hashingiwe ku mibereho, politiki n’imitekerereze byabo. Abashakashatsi nka Schoar (1981) na Virroli (1985), bavuga ko gukunda igihugu ari urukundo ugirira igihugu cyawe, aho wavukiye n’ibirimo byose. Ni urukundo ruterwa n’igishyika kiva ku isano isa nk’iyo abantu bagirana na bene wabo.
Gukunda igihugu ni ingenzi ku bihugu byose. Abashakashatsi Ben Amos na Bat Tal (2004), bavuze ko kudakunda igihugu bishegesha ubuzima bw’igihugu bityo bikakiviramo gusenyuka. Gukunda igihugu ni uruhurirane rw’indangagaciro z’umuco n’imyitwarire y’abantu. Ni ukuvuga ko buri gihe habaho impamvu itera abantu gukunda igihugu cyabo. Ushaka gukunda igihugu, asabwa kwibagirwa inyungu ze, agashyira imbere iz’igihugu cye. Intwari zirangwa no kureba kure, zikabona mbere ibyo abaturage basanzwe badashobora kubona muri ako kanya.
Ibi ni byo byabaye ku itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990, ubwo itsinda ry’abasore n’inkumi b’iki gihugu, biyemeje gushyira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga gakomeye, bagamije kubohora u Rwanda ingoyi y’ubutegetsi bw’igitugu, no kongera kubaka u Rwanda rushya rw’Abanyarwanda bose.
Benshi muri aba bitangiye igihugu bemeye guhara akazi kabo. Muri bo, bamwe bari bafite akazi keza mu nzego zo hejuru, abandi bari abasirikari bakuru mu gihugu cyari cyarabakiriye, abandi bari mu mashuri yaba ayisumbuye cyangwa kaminuza n’amashuri makuru yo hanze meza; na ho abandi barikoreraga kandi babona inyugu ifatika. Aba bose bemeye guhara ibi byose, maze bahuriza ku ntego imwe yo kubohora igihugu cyabo akarengane, ivangura n’ihezwa iryo ari ryo ryose.
Intego y’abitangiye igihugu, nk’uko tuyisanga mu mahame ya politiki y’Umuryango FPR Inkotanyi, yagezweho ku buryo bushimishije. Ibyiza Abanyarwanda bagezeho kandi bishimira uyu munsi, ni umusaruro wavuye ku bikorwa by’intwari byatangiye igihe cy’urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu, bigakomeza kugeza uyu munsi.
Umusaruro wa mbere ni ukugarura ubumwe mu Banyarwanda. Muri iki gihe, Abanyarwanda babanye neza. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2012, hagamijwe kureba icyo abaturage batekereza ku bwiyunge, abagera kuri 95.38% bavuze ko bibona nk’Abanyarwanda kurusha kwibona mu y’andi moko. Umuntu yibutse uko u Rwanda rwari rumeze nyuma yo gupfusha Abatutsi barenga miliyoni muri Jenoside yabakorewe mu 1994, hakangirika byinshi ndetse n’ibyahuzaga Abanyarwanda bigashwanyagurika, ntiyabura kuvuga ko iyi ari intambwe ikomeye yagezweho. Ibi byashobotse kubera ubuyobozi bureba kure buranga u Rwanda rushyashya, bwashyizweho nyuma ya 1994. Mu Rwanda rushyashya rw’iki gihe, Abanyarwanda bose bafite amahirwe angana ku byiza by’igihugu nk’uburezi, ubukungu no kwishyira ukizana muri politiki.
Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere imibereho myiza, politiki n’ubukungu bihuriweho na bose mu Rwanda, hashyizweho amategeko harimo Itegeko Nshinga ryo kuwa 4 Kamena 2003, Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Ubumwe n’Ubwiyunge, Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Urwego rw’Umuvunyi, byose bifasha mu gushimangira ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda.
Umusaruro wa kabiri ni umutekano n’ubusugire by’igihugu. Umutekano ku nkiko z’u Rwanda urabungabunzwe. Abanyarwanda n’ababagana bafite umutekano usesuye. Inyigo yakozwe n’Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi Gallup mu 2012, yagaragaje ko u Rwanda ari igihugu gitekanye kurusha ibindi ku Isi. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, Abanyarwanda bagera kuri 92% babajijwe bavuze ko bumva batekanye kandi barinzwe.
Umusaruro wa gatatu ni ishyirwaho ry’ubuyobozi bugendera kuri demokarasi. Ubuyobozi bushya bw’u Rwanda bwavuguruye igihugu, maze buha ijambo abaturage bose mu byiciro bitandukanye by’imibereho n’abanyapolitiki hatitawe ku bibatandukanya. Ingamba zitandukanye zashyizweho zirimo cyane cyane ubuyobozi bugendera ku mategeko, demokarasi no kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi n’ubushobozi hamwe n’uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga umutungo wa Leta, binyuze mu gusaranganya ubutegetsi, aho ibyiciro by’abantu batandukanye, hitawe ku mateka yaranze igihugu, bihabwa umwanya wo kugira uruhare mu mibereho myiza na politiki.
Ibyiciro byihariye nk’abagore, urubyiruko n’abafite ubumuga, bagira uruhare mu buzima bw’igihugu, mu mibereho myiza na politiki. Nk’urugero, ubu abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, Umutwe w’Abadepite, abagore bangana na 64%, akaba ari na wo mubare munini ku Isi. Byongeye kandi, igihugu cyashyizeho itegeko rishya rigenga itangazamakuru. Ubu itanganzamakuru ryaravuguruwe, kugira ngo rishobore kwiyobora. Imiryango iharanira inyungu rusange yahawe ubushobozi, ku buryo igira uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry’igihugu.
Umusaruro wa kane ni iterambere ry’ubukungu bushingiye ku baturage, no ku mutungo w’igihugu. Ubu Abanyarwanda bafashe umuco wo gushingira ku byo bafite, no gukoresha neza inkunga zitangwa n’abafatanyabikorwa. Mu ngengo y’imari y’umwaka wa 2013/2014, bwa mbere mu mateka y’u Rwanda, amafaranga azava imbere mu gihugu angana na 60,2% by’ingengo y’imari y’igihugu. Mu cyerekezo 2020, intego ni ukongera umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu ukagera ku madolari ya Amerika 1,240 ku muturage; umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’ubukungu bw’u Rwanda uzava kuri 8,3% ugere kuri 11,5%. Twibutse ko umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu, wavuye ku madolari ya Amerika 185 mu mwaka wa 1990, ukagera ku madalori ya Amerika 644 mu mpera z’umwaka ushize, kandi ko mu myaka itanu ishize Abanyarwanda bagera kuri miliyoni bafashijwe kwivana mu bukene.
Umusaruro wa gatanu ni ukurandura ruswa, itonesha no kunyereza umutungo w’igihugu. Binyuze mu ishyirwaho ry’ibigo byihariye kandi byigenga bishinzwe gufasha serivisi za Leta kurushaho kunoza imikorere, nk’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe gutunganya Amasoko ya Leta, Urwego rw’Umugenzuzi w’Imari ya Leta, Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro, Komisiyo Ishinzwe Abakozi ba Leta n’Urwego rw’Umuvunyi, ruswa, itonesha no kunyereza umutungo w’igihugu, byafatiwe ingamba zikarishye mu Rwanda. Kubera izi ngamba u Rwanda rwafashe, Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya ruswa ku Isi ari wo Transparency International, mu bushakashatsi wakoze kuri ruswa ku rwego rw’Isi muri uyu mwaka wa 2013, wagaragaje ko u Rwanda ruri mu bihugu bya mbere muri Afurika bifite ruswa iri ku gipimo cyo hasi.
Umusaruro wa gatandatu ni iterambere ry’imibereho y’abaturage. Aho Leta ishyiriyeho gahunda y’ubwisungane mu kwivuza, ubu Abanyarwanda babona serivisi z’ubuvuzi ku buryo bworoshye. Iyi gahunda ikaba yaragabanyije umubare w’abagore bapfa babyara n’abana bapfa batarageza ku myaka itanu. Mu bijyanye no gukingira, u Rwanda ruza ku mwanya wa mbere muri Afurika mu gukingira kanseri y’inkondo y’umura, umusonga n’indwara z’impiswi. Ubushakashatsi ku bwiyongere n’ubuzima bw’abaturage bwakozwe mu 2010 (DHS), bwagaragaje ko igipimo cy’abana bakingiwe ari 90%, kikaba ari cyo kiri hejuru cyane muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara.
Mu rwego rwo gufasha abatishoboye, u Rwanda kandi rwashyizeho uburyo na gahunda nk’Ubudehe na Girinka. Mu burezi, u Rwanda rwashyizeho gahunda y’uburezi bw’ibanze bw’imyaka 12 butangirwa ubuntu, iyi gahunda ikaba yaratumye umubare w’abanyeshuri wiyongera cyane, haba mu mashuri abanza no mu mashuri yisumbuye.
Umusaruro wa karindwi ni uguca impamvu zitera ubuhunzi no gucyura impunzi mu gihugu. Kuva mu 1994 Abanyarwanda barenga miliyoni 3,4 bacyuwe mu gihugu, kandi bafashwa gusubira mu buzima busanzwe.
Kuva tariki ya 30 Kamena 2013, icyemezo cyo gukuraho sitati y’ubuhunzi ku Banyarwanda cyatangiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa, kandi hashyizweho ingamba zo gufasha Abanyarwanda bifuza kuguma mu bihugu byabakiriye, kugira uruhare mu buzima bw’igihugu.
Umusaruro wa munani ni uguteza imbere umubano w’u Rwanda n’amahanga ushingiye ku bwubahane, ubutwererane n’ubuhahirane mu by’ubukungu. Mu rwego mpuzamahanga, isura y’u Rwanda yongeye kuba nziza. Ingamba zafashwe zavanyeho icyasha u Rwanda rwari rwarasizwe n’abateguye bakanakora Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Kuva muri Mata 2013, u Rwanda ruri mu Kanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye Gashinzwe Amahoro ku Isi. U Rwanda rugira kandi uruhare mu kubungabunga amahoro ku Isi mu bihugu bitandukanye. Nta n’uwakibagirwa kuvuga ko ku rwego rw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Paul Kagame ari mu bayobora Itsinda rishinzwe ubuvugizi ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingamba z’ikinyagihumbi, na Komisiyo ishinzwe gukurikirana ikwirakwizwa ry’umurongo mugari wa interineti, hagamijwe guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rigezweho.
Umusaruro wa cyenda ni uburyo bwashyizweho mu kurwanya Jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo, aho nyuma ya Jenoside, Guverinoma yatangije Inkiko Gacaca zaciye imanza 1,958,634. Iyo izi manza ziza kuburanishwa n’inkiko zisanzwe, byari gufata imyaka irenga 100. Inkiko Gacaca kandi, zagize uruhare mu kunga Abanyarwanda. Hashyizweho na Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo kurwanya Jenoside, hanashyirwaho itegeko rihana ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside. Abantu batandukanye n’Abanyapolitiki bahuriye ku mugambi wo gushyira imbere politiki y’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda, biyemeje gukomeza kwimakaza ubunyarwanda n’ubufatanye mu Banyarwanda, hatitawe ku bibatandukanya.
Muri make, ibi bimaze kurondorwa ni incamake y’umusaruro wagezweho n’u Rwanda binyuze mu mbaranga z’intwari zarwitangiye by’ukuri. Hashingiwe ku byo Abanyarwanda ubwabo bibonera n’amaso yabo, intego intwari z’u Rwanda zari zihaye biciye mu mahame 9 y’Umuryango FPR Inkotanyi, ari yo yayoboye kandi akaba akomeje kuyobora intwari z’iki gihe, zagezweho. Urugendo Abanyarwanda batangiye nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ni urugendo ruganisha Abanyarwanda aheza, bityo tugomba kurushaho gukora cyane kugira ngo dushyigikire ibimaze kugerwaho.
Abanyarwanda bagomba kwima amatwi ba ntamunoza bigize impumyi, ku buryo batabona ibyiza igihugu kimaze kugeraho. Nk’uko Nyakubahwa Perezida Paul Kagame ahora abitwibutsa, Abanyarwanda bose bagomba kumenya ko u Rwanda rutazongera gupfa bwa kabiri. Mu rwego rwo gukomeza ibikorwa by’ubutwari byaranze abitangiye iki gihugu, dukwiye gukomeza kwigisha urubyiruko rwacu binyuze muri gahunda y’urugerero, kugira ngo turufashe kubakira ku musingi dukesha urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu cyacu.
Nifurije Abanyarwanda bose n’inshuti z’u Rwanda umunsi mwiza wo gukunda igihugu.
Minisitiri w’Intebe w’u Rwanda
Dr Pierre Damien Habumuremyi
TANGA IGITEKEREZO