Ibihano byatanzwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwa Arusha, rukabiha bamwe mu bari bakurikiranweho ibyaha bikomeye birimo no gutegura umugambi wa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, no kuyigiramo uruhare ubwabyo, byagiye bitavugwaho rumwe na benshi mu bakurikiranye iby’amaburanishwa ndetse banagendeye ku buremera bw’ibyaha byakozwe.
Raporo y’ubushakashatsi yakozwe na Komisiyo y’Ububanyi n’amahanga, ubutwererane n’umutekano mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda ku byagezweho n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda i Arusha (TPIR/ICTR), isanga hari ibyakozwe neza n’ibitarakozwe uko bikwiye.
Mu gice cya gatatu cy’iyi raporo, igaragaza ko hari zimwe mu manza zaciwe nabi, harimo urwa Col Bagosora, Nsengiyumva, Gen Kabiligi na Major Ntabakuze.
Ibyaha baregwaga, birimo kugira ubwumvikane mu gutegura no gukora Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n’ibyaha by’intambara.
Nsengiyumva yaregwaga icyaha cy’inyongera cyo gukangurira abantu gukora Jenoside ku mugaragaro.
Aba bagabo bombi bakurikiranywe ku byaha bakoze ubwabo bwite cyangwa ku byakozwe n’ingabo bayoboraga.
Bimwe mu bimenyetso by’Ubushinjacyaha
1. Kuri Colonel Bagosora Théonèste
Kuva muri 1990, Bagosora yatangiye ibikorwa byo kwica Abatutsi.
Tariki ya 4 Ukuboza 1991, Perezida Habyarimana yashyizeho Komisiyo yayoborwaga na Bagosora yahawe inshingano yo kwiga no gutanga raporo kuri iki kibazo.
Amagambo yakoreshejwe y’igifaransa ni aya: «Que faut-il faire pour vaincre l’ennemi sur le plan militaire, médiatique et politique ?» ugenekereje ni nko kuvuga ngo “Ni iki cyakorwa kugira ngo umwanzi atsindwe mu buryo bwa gisirikare, mu bw’itangazamakuru no mu bwa politiki.
Mu myanzuro yayo, iyi Komisiyo ya Bagosora yemeje ko Umututsi wese ari umwanzi w’u Rwanda ukwiye kurwanywa ndetse n’umunyamahanga washakanye n’umututsikazi, kimwe n’Umuhutu wese urwanya ubutegetsi bwariho mu Rwanda. Abo bose ni abanzi.
Muri 1992, Bagosora yategetse ibiro bikuru by’ingabo z’igihugu na Jandarumori gutegura lisiti z’abantu bazicwa. Muri Mata 1994, izo lisiti zakoreshejwe n’Interahamwe n’abasilikare mu kwica abantu.
Guhera muri 1993, Bagosora yavuze kenshi ko ategura “Imperuka y’abatutsi. Mu 1993, Bagosora yatanze intwaro ku nterahamwe, anayobora imyitozo zahabwaga.
Guhera ku wa 6 Mata 1994, Bagosora niwe wari umuyobozi mukuru utanga amabwiriza ku banyapolitiki n’abasirikare. Yakoresheje inama nyinshi zitanga amabwiriza yo kwica Abatutsi. Ku itariki 7 Mata 1994, yahaye Majoro Ntabakuze amabwiriza yo kohereza abaparakomando kwica abantu i Remera. Amabwiriza nk’ayo yanayahaye Majoro Nkundiye na Nzuwonemeye.
Yatanze kandi amabwiriza yo kwica abanyapolitiki barimo Agatha Uwilingiyimana, Rucogoza Faustin n’abandi.
Hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994, Bagosora yayoboye inama nkuru za gisirikare, kandi agakurikirana buri gihe uko Jenoside iriho ikorwa kandi agatanga amabwiriza mashya yo gukomeza Jenoside ashingiye kuri ayo makuru.
Muri Mata 1994, Bagosora yategetse “Bataillon de reconnaissance” kwimura amafaranga yose yari muri banki nkuru y’u Rwanda (BNR) akajyanwa Gitarama.
Muri Jenoside, Bagosora yatumije mu izina rya Guverinoma y’u Rwanda intwaro muri Afurika y’Epfo zakoreshejwe mu bwicanyi.
2. Uruhare rwa Lt Col Nsengiyumva Anatole
Yari umukuru w’ingabo ku Gisenyi kuva tariki ya 13 Kamena 1993. Mbere, yari umuyobozi mukuru w’iperereza rya gisirikare. Yaregwaga kuba yarafatanyije na Bagosora na Nzirorera n’abandi gutegura ingamba z’uko MRND yaguma ku butegetsi. Ni muri ubwo buryo hatekerejwe umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi n’Abahutu barwanyaga ubutegetsi.
Guhera 1993, Nsengiyumva yayoboye imyitozo y’Interahamwe za MRND n’Impuzamugambi za CDR muri Gisenyi n’itangwa ry’intwaro.
Guhera ku wa 6 Mata 1994, abyumvikanyeho na Bagosora, Nsengiyumva yatangije Jenoside muri Gisenyi. Niwe wayiyoboye kandi henshi Abatutsi bishwe ahari.
3. Major Ntabakuze Aloys
Yaregwaga ubwicanyi bwakozwe guhera ku itariki 8 Mata 1994 n’abaparakomando b’i Kanombe yayoboraga. Yashinjwaga kandi gutanga amabwiriza yo kwica Abatutsi abwira abasirikare ko bagomba guhora urupfu rwa Habyarimana, bica Abatutsi bose.
4. General Gratien Kabiligi
Mu 1993-1994, Kabiligi yari ashinzwe ibikorwa bya gisirikare mu buyobozi bukuru bwayo (État-major). Ni umwe mu basirikare bakomeye batangaga amabwiriza ku ngabo zari ku rugamba. Izo ngabo zishe abantu mu bice byinshi zari zishinzwe gucungamo umutekano, kandi Kabiligi yarabushyigikiye ntiyagira n’icyo akora ngo ahane ababubokoze.
Inshuro nyinshi, Kabiligi yagaragaje mu ruhame ko umuti wo gukemura ibibazo bya politiki mu Rwanda ari uwo kwica bakarimbura Abatutsi bose.
Muri Werurwe 1994, yabwiye abasirikare b’Ababiligi bari mu Rwanda ko Ingabo z’u Rwanda zifite ubushobozi bwo kunesha FPR no kwica Abatutsi n’ibyitso byabo mu gihe gito cyane. Muri Mata 1994, Kabiligi yategetse iyicwa ry’umusilikare w’Umututsi wari muri FAR n’umuryango we wose.
Tariki ya 8 Kamena 1994, abasirikare bari bayobowe na Kabiligi bishe Abatutsi bari bihishe i Nyamirambo hafi ya College Saint Andre. Yakoze inama nyinshi n’abandi basirikare bakuru zateguriwemo Jenoside.
Iyi raporo ikomeza igaragaza ko aba bayobozi b’ingabo uko ari bane, bari muri Komisiyo Bagozora yashyizweho mu 1991 yagennye ko Umututsi ari umwanzi.
Baje guhanwa gute n’urukiko?
Col Bagosora
TPIR yemeje ko ariwe wari umuyobozi mukuru w’ingabo nyuma y’urupfu rwa Habyarimana. Yemeje kandi ko:
Yayoboye inama z’abayobozi b’ingabo, yabonanye n’abadipolomate na MINUAR, ashyiraho Guverinoma y’Abatabazi, abonana n’abayobozi b’Interahamwe kandi bakubaha amabwiriza ye.
Niwe watanze amabwiriza abisabwe na Koloneli Nubaha yo kwica abasirikare b’Ababiligi, kandi we ubwe, ku mugoroba wok u wa 7 Mata 1994, yagiye muri Camp Kigali aho biciwe.
Maj Ntabakuze yahamwe n’ibyaha bikurikira:
Ubwicanyi bwakorewe Kabeza, Nyanza ya Kicukiro na IAMSEA bwakozwe n’abantu barimo abaparakomando na CRAP b’i Kanombe. TPIR yemeje ko izi ngabo zari inzobere mu mirwano (corps d’élite) kandi zigakorera kuri disipuline ku buryo zitari kwishora mu bwicanyi zidahawe amabwiriza n’umuyobozi wazo.
Icyemezo cyabaye ko Ntabakuze yatanze amabwiriza mu ngabo ze yo kuzikangurira gukora Jenoside.
Lt Col Nsengiyumva we Urukiko rwemeje ko:
Yari umuyobozi w’abasirikare muri Gisenyi abafiteho ububasha busesuye;
Habayeho ubwicanyi bugambiriwe, bukorwa n’abasirikare n’Interahamwe ku mabwiriza y’abasirikare bakuru barimo Nsengiyumva;
Ubwicanyi bwabereye ku Nyundo no mu mujyi wa Gisenyi bwakozwe mu buryo buteguwe kandi bufite gahunda imwe (coordination);
Abasirikare bayoborwaga na Nsengiyumva batoje Interahamwe kandi baziha intwaro;
Iki gikorwa cyabaye cyemejwe na Nsengiyumva.
Icyemezo cy’urukiko cyabaye ko Nsengiyumva afite uruhare mu bwicanyi bwibasiye abantu bazwi guhera mu gitondo cyo ku wa 7 Mata 1994 barimo Alphonse Kabiligi, muri université ya Mudende na paruwasi Gaturika ya Nyundo. Afite kandi uruhare rwo kuba yarohereje Interahamwe gukora ubwicanyi mu Bisesero.
Gen Kabiligi n’ibyo yashinjwaga:
Kuyobora inama yabaye tariki ya 28 Mutarama 1994 i Cyangugu, igamije itangwa ry’intwaro zo kwica abantu, n’indi yo ku wa 15 Gashyantare 1994 mu Ruhengeri igamije gutegura Jenoside.
Yaregwaga kandi ibyaha byakorewe kuri Bariyeri mu mujyi wa Kigali hagati ya Mata na Kamena 1994. Yashinjwaga kandi uruhare mu bwicanyi bwakozwe n’abasilikare ku basivile mu gihe cy’intambara na Jenoside, nk’umuyobozi mukuru wari ushinzwe ibikorwa by’imirwano ku rwego rw’igihugu.
Kabiligi yireguye avuga ko atari mu Rwanda hagati ya 28 Mutarama 1994 na 15 Gashyantare 1994 no hagati ya 28 Werurwe kugeza tariki ya 3 na 23 Mata 1994.
Icyemezo cy’urukiko:
Kabiligi ntiyari afite ububasha (autorité de jure) kuri za inite za gisirikare zari mu mirwano hirya no hino mu gihugu no ku bakozi yayoboraga mu biro bishinzwe ibikorwa bya gisirikare (bureau des opérations, G-3 de l état-major de FAR).
Ubushinjacyaha ntibwashoboye kwerekana ububasha nyabwo bwa Kabiligi nk’umwe mu bayobozi b’ingabo mu buyobozi bukuru. Urukiko rwahaye agaciro ubuhamya bushinjura bugaragaza ko uruhare rwa Kabiligi rwari rwerekeye gusa itegurwa ry’imirwano n’urugamba rwa FAR, ko ntaho yari ahuriye n’imyitwarire y’abasirikare ya buri munsi. Ntihagaragajwe uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwakozwe n’abasirikare ku basivile.
Bahawe ibihe bihano?
Mu rukiko rw’ibanze, Nsengiyumva na Ntabakuze bahanishijwe igihano cya burundu, Kabiligi agirwa umwere. Mu bujurire, Bagosora na Ntabakuze bagabanyirijwe ibihano biva ku gifungo cya burundu bishyirwa ku myaka iri munsi, aho Nsengiyumva yahawe igihano cy’imyaka 15, ahita arekurwa kuko yari ayimaze afunze, naho Bagosora ahabwa 35 y’igifungo.
Isesengura ryakozwe n’inteko rifite uko ryabibonye
Nubwo ibihano byagabanyijwe, Bagosora na Nsengiyumva bahamijwe mu bujurire ibyaha bikomeye bya Jenoside, ibyibasiye inyoko muntu n’ibyaha by’intambara. Bahamwe no kuba ntacyo bakoze ngo babuze ubwicanyi kandi ntibahane ababukoraga. Ubujurire bwemeje umwanzuro wari wafashwe n’abacamanza b’ibanze uvuga ko “Bagosora ari we wari umuyobozi mukuru w’ingabo hagati y’itariki 6 na 9 Mata 1994.”
Hari imanza z’abafunguwe zigaragaramo amakosa y’abacamanza cyangwa ubushinjacyaha.
Zigiranyirazo Protais
Abacamanza b’ibanze bamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside cyabereye I Kesho (Gisenyi) no kuri bariyeri yari hafi y’urugo rwe mu Kiyovu. Bamukatiye imyaka 20 kuri ubwo bwicanyi bwombi. Kimwe mu bimenyetso yatanze kwari ukuvuga ko atageze aho hantu hombi habereye ubwicanyi, ko yari i Kanombe kwa mushiki we.
Urukiko rwashingiye ku buremere bw’ubuhamya bwatangiwe mu rubanza rumuhamya icyaha, ariko ntirwafata umwanya wo kwerekana ko yashoboraga kuba i Kigali akagera no ku Gisenyi.
Iri niryo kosa (erreur de fait) abacamanza b’ubujurire bamurekuriyeho bavuga ko kuba itarasuzumwe bihagije ku rwego rwa mbere byamubujije uburenganzira bwe ku butabera buboneye kandi bukwiye.
Irekurwa rya Mugenzi, Mugiraneza, Bizimungu na Bicamumpaka
Bashinjwaga ubufatanye mu mugambi wo gutegura Jenoside (entente). Hashingirwaga ku ruhare rwabo bose mu bwicanyi bwakorewe muri CHK Kigali, Butare, Kabgayi n’ahandi.
Kuri Mugenzi na Mugiraneza uruhare rwabo mu gukuraho Perefe wa Butare byakurikiwe na Jenoside ndetse no guherekeza Perezida Sindikubwabo i Butare agiye gutangiza Jenoside.
Kuri Mugenzi wenyine hiyongeragaho disikuru yavugiye Gisenyi, Kigali na Murambi igaragaza ko ihamagarira ku mugaragaro gukora Jenoside.
Mu rubanza rwa mbere, Bizimungu na Bicamumpaka bararekuwe, ubushinjacyaha ntibwajurira. Birerekana ko bwakoze ikosa mu kirego cyabwo cyo guhuza aba ba Minisitiri bubarega kugira uruhare no guhurira hamwe mu gukora Jenoside (entente en vue de commettre le Genocide).
Buri wese yagombaga kuregwa ukwe kuko Bizimungu na Bicamumpaka bafite ibyaha bakoreye Ruhengeri na Kigali. Bicamumpaka yashoboraga kuregwa uruhare rwe mu kwamamaza ikorwa rya Jenoside akoresheje inzira ya dipolomasi (Ibyo yavugiye mu Bufaransa no muri loni). Iri ni ikosa ry’ubushinjacyaha.
Amakosa y’abacamanza b’ubujurire kuri Mugenzi na Mugiraneza:
Ubujurire bwabahanaguyeho icyaha cyo gufatanya na Sindikubwabo guhamagarira ikorwa rya Jenoside, buvuga ko kuba aba baminisitiri 2 baramuherekeje muri mitingi yakoresheje i Butare, ngo batari bazi ko ari buhavugire amagambo yo guhamagarira Abahutu kwica Abatutsi.
Abacamanza b’ubujurire bongeyeho ko ikurwaho rya Perefe Habyarimana Jean Baptiste wari wanze ikorwa rya Jenoside, ngo nta cyemeza ko ryinjira mu mugambi wa Jenoside ngo kuko ashobora kuba yaravanyweho kubera impamvu z’imikorere cyangwa za politiki.
Abacamanza b’ubujurire ntibigeze bashidikanya ko ivanwaho rya perefe ryakurikiwe n’iyicwa rye n’umuryango we, ndetse n’itangizwa rya Jenoside muri Butare. Ariko babirenzeho bemeza ko iryo vanwaho ritari mu mugambi wa Jenoside kandi mbere yuko perefe yicwa nta bwicanyi bwari bwatangijwe muri Butare kuko yabuburizagamo.
Birerekana ko abacamanza bigiza nkana. Ikindi cyibyerekana ni uko mu nama yabereye i Butare ikuraho perefe, ikaba yari iyobowe na Perezida Sindikubwabo ari kumwe na ba Minisitiri Mugenzi na Mugiraneza bo mu ishyaka rya PL nk’iryo Perefe Habyarimana yabarizwagamo, yasimbujwe Nsabimana Sylvain wahise ashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside muri Perefegitura ya Butare.
Ibya Bagambiki, Ntagerura, na Imanishimwe
Baregwaga icuramugambi rya Jenoside no gukora Jenoside mu rubanza rwiswe Cyangugu. Uru rubanza rugaragaramo amakosa y’abacamanza n’ay’ubushinjacyaha mu mikorere ya dosiye no gutoranya abatangabuhamya.
Ku bacamanza
Bagize Ntagerura umwere bavuga ko muri disikuru yavugiye ku isoko rya Bushenge ku itariki ya 7 Gashyantare 1994 yasabye abaturage gushikama bagahashya Inyenzi-Inkotanyi, bavuga ko iyi mvugo Inyenzi nta cyemeza ko yasobanuraga Umututsi. Ikibazo ni uko mu zindi manza usanga barabyemeje, Urugero ni mu rubanza rwa Jean Paul Akayesu.
Urukiko kandi rwemeje ko bisi za ONATRACOM zatwaraga Interahame zigiye mu myitozo no kwica Abatutsi muri Cyangugu ngo bitabazwa Ntagerura.
Inteko ibona amakosa y’ ubushinjacyaha
Bagambiki na Ntagerura bahanaguweho icyaha cyo gufatanya umugambi wa Jenoside (entente) hashingiwe ku ikosa ry’ubushinjacyaha ryo kuba ritarabamenyesheje mu kirego cyabwo cy’ibanze ko icyo cyaha bakiregwa (acte d’accusation originale). Ubushinjacyaha bwakoze «acte d’accusation amendée » ariko ntibwabimenyesha Bagambiki na Ntagerura mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.
Abacamanza bashingiye kuri iyo vice de forme bagira abere Bagambiki na Ntagerura kuri icyo cyaha. Ni ukwirengagiza bikomeye ku ruhande rw’ubushinjacyaha hashingiwe ku ihame rikurikizwa muri TPIR, ko uregwa agomba kumenyeshwa ibirego byose ashinjwa mu gihe cyagenwe n’amategeko. Ni ukuvuga mu gihe agishyikirizwa umucamanza (comparution initiale), n’iyo hari igihindutse nyuma ya comparution originale, uregwa agomba kubimenyeshwa n’ubushinjacyaha.
Imikorerwe mibi ya dosiye mu kwirengagiza ubuhamya
Mu iperereza n’itegura rya dosiye, porokireri yifashishije umutangabuhamya wari uzi neza abaregwa n’ibyo bakoze. Uyu mutangabuhamya yahaye andi mazina abagenzacyaha abereka ko bazi neza ibikorwa bya Bagambiki na Ntagerura kandi abagira inama yo kuba aribo bibandaho kurusha umwicanyi muto nka Imanishimwe. Abashinjacyaha banze iyo nama bituma umutangabuhamya nawe yanga gukorana n’ubushinjacyaha, nabwo buhimana buvana kuri lisiti abandi batangabuhamya baziranye n’uwo nguwo bitwaje ko ngo yashoboraga kubakoresha.
Ingaruka zabaye ni uko dosiye yabuze abatangabuhamya ba nyabo bo kuyitangaho ibimenyetso bituma abaregwa aribo babyungukiramo. Ni irindi kosa ry’ubushinjacyaha.
Muri iyi raporo kandi hagaragajwe imikorere mibi iterwa n’imiterere y’inkiko, harimo itinzwa ry’imanza, kuko hari izaciwe nyuma y’imyaka15.
Itinda riterwa n’impamvu nyinshi. Zimwe murizo ni: Ikoreshwa ry’indimi 3 risaba gusemura no guhindura inyandiko zose muri izo ndimi. Imanza ziba ari nini zifite dosiye nini.
Abacamanza batamenyereye umwuga
Hari ingero zitandukanye, Umurusiya Yakov Ostrovsky wamaze imyaka irenga 7 muri TPIR nta burambe na bumwe yari afite mu mikirize y’imanza. Mbere yo kuba umucamanza muri TPIR yamaze imyaka 45 muri diplomasi y’u Burusiya muri Loni hagati y’imyaka ya 1960 na 1966, mu Butaliyani (1970-1975) no muri UNESCO (1981-1987).
Ubujura no gukoresha nabi amafaranga
Muri 2001 na 2002 raporo y’igenzura ya Loni yagaragaje ubujura hagati y’abavoka n’ababuranyi ndetse na bamwe mu bakozi.
Gukoresha abafite uruhare muri Jenoside
Ibuka yabaruye abantu 41 bakoreraga TPIR bagize uruhare muri Jenoside. Bamwe muri bo barafashwe bahanwa na TPIR.
Ingero za hafi harimo: Siméon Nshamihigo wafashwe tariki ya 19 Gicurasi 2001 akorera TPIR akaba ubu yarakatiwe gufungwa burundu.
Joseph Nzabirinda alias Biroto nawe wafashwe akorera TPIR akaba yaremeye icyaha agakatirwa imyaka 7. Hari abandi birukanywe kubera uruhare rwabo bakekwagaho muri Jenoside.
Ingaruka z’iyo mikorere ni uko abo bantu batangaga ruswa bakagura bamwe mu batangabuhamya cyane cyane abakoranaga na Porokireri.
Ni muri ubwo buryo uwitwa Leonidas Nshogoza yahanwe na TPIR kubera guha ruswa abatangabuhamya ba Porokireri. Abenshi mu bagurwaga ni abavaga muri gereza zo mu Rwanda bagiye gushinja.
Gukoresha nabi umutungo
Abagenzuzi ba loni bagaragaje muri 2001, ko imodoka zakoreshwaga mu mirimo bwite y’abakozi ba TPIR aho kujya mu kazi. TPIR yari ifite indege ishinzwe kworohereza imikoranire y’ibiro bya porokireri Arusha na Kigali.
Igenzura ryagaragaje ko iyo ndege yakoreshejwe mu ngendo z’abakozi hagati ya Arusha na Kigali ku nyungu zabo bwite kurusha izifitanye isano n’imirimo ya anketi n’imanza.
Mu 1996, TPIR yakodesheje indege yo kujya gutwara imfungwa muri Kameruni. Igezeyo yagarukiye aho kuko Cameroun yanze gutanga abo bantu bitewe nuko hari inzira Urukiko rutari rwujuje. Urwo rugendo rwatwaye amafaranga y’u Rwanda asaga miliyoni 18.
Amakosa ya Loni
Manda y’urukiko: Loni yahaye TPIR manda yo kureba gusa ibyaha byabaye mu 1994. Byakozwe bisabwe n’Ubufaransa kandi TPIR yo ifite manda itagira umupaka. Ingaruka y’icyo cyemezo n’uko ibikorwa birebana n’itegurwa rya Jenoside byabaye hagati ya 1990 na 1994 bititabwaho mu manza nkuko bikorwa mu Rwanda. Ubufaransa bwabikoze bwanga ko hazatahurwa uruhare rwabwo muri iyo myaka.
Kudaha umwanya mu rukiko abarokotse Jenoside
Nta burenganzira bafite bwo kurega no gusaba indishyi. Uruhare rwabo ruhagararira mu gutanga ubuhamya, nabyo bikorwa ku bushake bwa Porokireri.
TANGA IGITEKEREZO