– Ibihugu 14 bya Afurika byategetswe kwishyura u Bufaransa
– Abashatse kwiyomora ku Bufaransa barabizize
– Ba Perezida b’u Bufaransa bemeye ko nta Afurika igihugu cyagwa hasi
– Ubwigenge bwatanzwe mu mpapuro
– Ibimenyetso 11 byerekana ko ubukoloni bugikomeje kuva mu 1950
Mu gihe bivugwa ko ubukoloni muri Afurika bwarangiye, hari ibihugu byinshi bicyishyura imisoro biha u Bufaransa kuva byabona ubwigenge kugeza ubu.
Ubwo Sékou Touré wabaye Perezida wa mbere wa Guinea yafataga umwanzuro wo kuvana igihugu cye mu bihugu byakolonijwe n’u Bufaransa, agaharanira ko igihugu cye kibona ubwigenge, byateje umwuka mubi ndetse ubuyobozi bw’u Bufaransa muri Guinea busenya buri kimwe cyose cyagaragazaga icyo bitaga inyungu z’u Bufaransa’.
Icyo gihe Abafaransa bagera ku bihumbi bitatu bahise bava muri icyo gihugu, batwara imitungo yabo yose banangiza ibindi bitimukanwa birimo amashuri, amavuriro, inyubako rusange, imodoka, ibitabo, ibikoresho byifashishwa mu bushakashatsi n’imodoka zikoreshwa mu buhinzi zirangizwa.
Icyo gihe kandi amafarashi n’inka byarishwe, ibiryo byari bikiri mu bubiko biratwikwa cyangwa bishyirwamo uburozi.
Intego nyamukuru y’iki gikorwa cy’agahomamunwa yari ugutanga ubutumwa bunoze ku bindi bihugu byose byakolonijwe n’u Bufaransa ko bizagira ingaruka mu gihe bizaba byiyomoye ku Bufaransa.
Buhoro buhoro ubwoba bwagiye bukwira mu Banyafurika, ndetse nta n’umwe mu bihugu u Bufaransa bwari bufitemo ibikorwa n’ijambo wigeze nyuma akora nk’ibyo Sékou Touré wari ufite intero igira iti “Duhitamo ubwigenge mu bukene aho kugira ubukire mu bucakara.”
Abashatse kwiyomora ku Bufaransa barabizize
Sylvanus Olympio, wabaye Perezida wa Mbere wa Togo, yabashije kubona igisubizo cyihariye ku Bufaransa.
Ntabwo yashakaga ko igihugu cye gikomeza kuyoborwa ku bwiganze bw’u Bufaransa, yanga gusinya amasezerano yo gukomeza kuba mu bukoloni bw’icyo gihugu ariko yemera kwishyura u Bufaransa ideni rya buri mwaka kucyo bise inyungu Togo yakuye mu kuba yarakolonijwe n’u Bufaransa.
Iki cyemezo cye cyari uburyo bumwe bwonyine u Bufaransa bwari bwahaye Togo kugira ngo budasenya icyo gihugu.
Aya mafaranga yagenwe n’u Bufaransa nk’ideni Togo yari kujya yishyura yari menshi ku buryo yageraga kuri 40% by’ingengo y’imari icyo gihugu cyakoreshaga mu mwaka wa 1963.
Ubukungu bw’igihugu ntabwo bwari buhagaze neza, kugira ngo Togo ive muri ibyo bihe, Olympio yafashe umwanzuro wo kuva mu bihugu bikoresha ifaranga ryashyizweho n’u Bufaransa CFA, ashyiraho ifaranga rye bwite.
Tariki ya 13 Mutarama 1963, iminsi itatu nyuma yo gutangira gukoresha iryo faranga rishya, abantu bitwaje intwaro bashyigikiwe n’u Bufaransa bahise bica uyu muperezida.
Olympio yishwe n’uwahoze ari umusirikare mu ngabo zashyizweho n’u Bufaransa, Etienne Gnassingbe, wari wasezeranyijwe guhabwa amadolari ya Amerika 612 na Ambasade y’u Bufaransa muri icyo gihugu kuri ako kazi.
Inzozi za Olympio zari ukubaka igihugu cyigenga, cyihagije kandi cyihesheje agaciro. Gusa, U Bufaransa ntibwigeze bushima icyo gitekerezo.
Modiba Keita wa Mali yahuye n’uruva gusenya ubwo yashakaga kwigobotora Abafaransa
Tariki 30 Kamena 1962, Perezida wa mbere wa Mali, Modiba Keita, yafashe icyemezo nawe cyo kuvana igihugu cye mu bihugu bikoresha ifaranga rya CFA ryari ryarategetswe gukoreshwa n’ibihugu 12.
Kimwe na Olympio, igisubizo cyari kimwe no kuri Keita kuko tariki ya 19 Ugushyingo 1968, yaje guhita akurwa ku butegetsi muri Coup d’état yakozwe na Moussa Traoré wahoze ari mu ngabo zashyizweho n’u Bufaransa.
Muri make, mu rugamba rw’ubwigenge ibihugu by’Afurika bishaka kwigobotora ibihugu by’u Burayi, u Bufaransa bwagiye bukoresha abahoze ari abasirikare babwo bavuka muri ibyo bihugu bagahirika ubutegetsi.
Ingero ni nko muri Benin, Centrafrique no muri Bourkina Faso.
Mu myaka 50 ishize, Coup d’état 67 zabaye mu bihugu 26 muri Afurika, 16 muri byo byakolonijwe n’u Bufaransa; bisobanuye ko 61% by’izo Coup d’état zabaye mu bihugu bikoresha ururimi rw’igifaransa.
Nta Afurika u Bufaransa bwagwa hasi
Kuvuga ko Afurika ibeshejeho u Bufaransa, ni imvugo idaca ibintu ku ruhande kuko n’ubuyobozi ubwabwo bubizi kandi bubyemera.
Muri Mata 2008, Uwahoze ari Perezida w’u Bufaransa Jacques Chirac yavuze ko ‘nta Afurika, u Bufaransa buzajya hasi y’umwanya wa gatatu ku rutonde rw’ibihugu bikomeye ku Isi.’
Uwo Chirac yasimbuye, François Mitterand mu mwaka wa 1957 yari yaravuze ati “ Nta Afurika, u Bufaransa nta mateka buzaba bufite mu kinyejana cya 21.”
Ibihugu 14 bya Afurika byategetswe kwishyura u Bufaransa
Ibihugu 14 bya Afurika byategetswe n’u Bufaransa kubera uruhare rwabwo mu bukolini, kujya bishyira muri Banki Nkuru y’u Bufaransa icungwa na Minisiteri y’Imari y’icyo gihugu, 84% by’amafaranga byazigamye bihabwa n’ibindi bihugu.
Kugeza muri Mutarama 2014, Togo hamwe n’ibindi bihugu 13 bya Afurika byari bicyishyura iryo deni.
Abayobozi ba Afurika banze kwishyura baricwa cyangwa bikabaviramo guhirikwa ku butegetsi. Abubashye icyo cyemezo, bahembwa n’u Bufaransa bakabaho neza mu gihe abaturage babo bahera mu bukene no mu buzima butagira icyizere.
Ntabwo u Bufaransa bushobora kuva muri iyi mikorere ya gikoloni kuri Afurika kuko buhungukira arenga miliyari 500 z’amadolari yinjira mu mutungo wabwo avuye muri Afurika buri mwaka.
Rimwe na rimwe abayobozi bamwe ba Afurika bashinjwa ruswa no guhaza ibihugu byo mu Burengerazuba bw’Isi, gusa hari igisubizo cyumvikana kuri ibi bibazo. Ni uko baba badashaka kwicwa cyangwa guhirikwa ku butegetsi.
Baba bashaka kurindwa n’ibihugu byo mu Burengerazuba bw’Isi, gusa ubufasha bwabyo ni mpa nguhe. Nta kintu cy’ubuntu ibyo bihugu bitanga.
Ubwigenge bwatanzwe mu mpapuro
Mu 1958, Perezida wa Senegal, Leopold Sédar Senghor, yatinye ingaruka zishobora kuva mu guhitamo ubwigenge akivana ku Bufaransa, avuga ko amahitamo y’abaturage be (Abanya-Senegal) ari ubwigenge ariko ko babushaka mu gihe habayeho umubano n’u Bufaransa atari mu guhangana.
U Bufaransa bwagiye bwemerera ibihugu bwakolonizaga bikagira ‘ubwigenge ku rupapuro’ atari mu bikorwa, ubundi bugasinyana nabyo amasezerano y’ubufatanye, yaba mu bijyanye n’ifaranga, imiterere y’uburezi, igisirikare n’amahitamo mu bucuruzi.
Ibimenyetso 11 byerekana ko ubukoloni bugikomeje kuva mu 1950
1. Ideni ry’ubukoloni ku bihugu byakolonijwe n’u Bufaransa
Nubwo nta mubare uhamye w’amafaranga ibihugu byakolonijwe n’u Bufaransa biha iki gihugu buri mwaka, ibi bihugu bigomba kwishyura amafaranga kuri buri bikorwa remezo byose byubatswe n’u Bufaransa mu gihe cy’ubukoloni. Abatabikoze, ingaruka twazibonye hejuru.
2. Ubwizigame bw’ibihugu bugomba kubikwa muri Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu y’u Bufaransa
Ibihugu bya Afurika bigomba kubika amafaranga y’ubwizigame yabyo muri Banki Nkuru y’u Bufaransa (France Central Bank).
U Bufaransa bumaze igihe bubitse amafaranga y’ubwizigame y’ibihugu byo muri Afurika kuva mu 1961 arimo aya Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Cameroon, Centrafrique, Tchad, Congo-Brazzaville, Guinea Equatorial na Gabon.
Banki Nkuru ya buri gihugu yategetswe kujya ibika 65% by’amafaranga y’ubwiteganyirize igihugu gikura hanze, akagenzurwa n’ikigega cy’imari cy’u Bufaransa.
Kuri ubwo bwizigame 20% ni agenewe kwishyura wa mwenda w’ubukoloni.
Kugeza ubu, u Bufaransa bufite miliyari 500 z’amadolari z’ibihugu bya Afurika mu kigega cyabwo cy’imari.
Ibihugu bya Afurika ntabwo bifite uburenganzira kuri ayo mafaranga kuko u Bufaransa bubyemerera kugira uburenganzira kuri 15% gusa bihabwa mu mwaka. Iyo biramutse bikeneye arenzeho, biguza muri ya 65% yabyo mu kigega cy’imari cy’u Bufaransa ku nyungu yemewe mu bucuruzi.
U Bufaransa bwashyizeho kandi amafaranga ibihugu bigomba kuguza muri bwa bwiteganyirize. Ayagenwe ni 20% y’imisoro icyo gihugu kiba cyinjiza ku mwaka. Iyo arenze 20%, u Bufaransa butorera uwo mwanzuro.
Uwahoze ari Perezida w’u Bufaransa Jacques Chirac nawe yigeze kuvuga ku mafaranga y’ibihugu bya Afurika abitswe mu mabanki y’u Bufaransa agira ati “ Tuvugishije ukuri, uruhare runini rw’amafaranga ari mu mabanki yacu akomoka ku gukoresha umugabane wa Afurika.”
3. U Bufaransa bufite uburenganzira ku mitungo kamere yo muri Afurika
U Bufaransa bufite uburenganzira ku kugura umutungo kamere uwo ariwo wose bubonye mu bihugu byahoze bikoloniza, keretse mu gihe buvuze buti ntabwo dushishikajwe n’iyi mitungo.’ Icyo gihe ibyo bihugu bya Afurika biba bifite uburenganzira bwo gushaka abandi babifasha.
4. Mu guhatanira amasoko, ibigo by’u Bufaransa bigirwa nya mbere
Mu guhatanira amasoko, ibigo byo mu Bufaransa bigomba kurebwa bwa mbere nyuma akaba aribwo ibyo bihugu bishaka abandi byakorana nabyo. Nubwo ibi bihugu byabona amafaranga menshi kurusha ayo ibyo bigo byatanze, ntacyo byaba bivuze.
5. Bugomba kohereza ibikoresho bya gisirikare, bukanatanga imyitozo
Ibihugu bya Afurika bigomba kohereza abasirikare bakuru babyo mu myitozo mu Bufaransa no mu bigo by’imyitozo bigenzurwa n’u Bufaransa.
6. Bufite uburenganzira ku kohereza ingabo zibungabunga inyungu zabwo
Mu masezerano yiswe ay’umutekano, u Bufaransa bufite uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwo koherezayo ingabo mu bihugu bya Afurika, no gushinga ibirindiro bihoraho muri ibyo bihugu.
7. Ni itegeko kugira igifaransa ururimi rwemewe mu gihugu
Andi mabwiriza, ni uko igifaransa muri ibyo bihugu kigomba kuba ururimi rwemewe kandi rukoreshwa mu burezi.
Ibi nibyo byatumye hashyirwaho icyitwa ‘Francophonie’ kigenzurwa na Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga w’u Bufaransa.
8. Hamwe, ni itegeko gukoresha ifaranga ry’ubukoloni ry’u Bufaransa
Ibihugu bitegekwa gukomeza gukoresha iri CFA, ifaranga ryashyizweho n’u Bufaransa. Nkuko twabibonye, ingaruka zibaho ku badashaka kurikoresha.
9. Raporo z’umutungo buri mwaka zigomba kohererezwa u Bufaransa
Mu gihe ibi bihugu bitatanze raporo igaragaza uko umutungo wabyo uhagaze buri mwaka, nta mafaranga na make bibona.
10. Ibihugu ntibyemerewe gukorana n’ikindi gisirikare keretse ku burenganzira bw’u Bufaransa
Ibihugu byo muri Afurika, nibyo usanga bidafite ingabo zo mu karere bihuriyeho, byarishyize hamwe. U Bufaransa bwabujije ibihugu bwakolonije gushaka ibindi bihugu byakwihuza kugira ngo bigire igisirikare gihuriweho keretse mu gihe butanze uburenganzira.
11. Ni itegeko gufatanya n’u Bufaransa mu gihe cy’intambara
Mu gihe cy’intambara, ibi bihugu byategetswe kuba inyuma u Bufaransa bikaburwanirira.
Igihe kirageze ko ibihugu bya Afurika byigobotora burundu ingoyi y’ubukoloni kandi bitabisabiye uburenganzira. Ibitari ibyo, haracyari ibinyejana byinshi byo kwishyura imyenda y’ubukoloni no gutegekwa.
TANGA IGITEKEREZO