Mu mwaka wa 1961, Fidel Castro yagize ati: “Impinduramatwara ni urugamba simusiga rwo guhitamo hagati yo gukomera ku byahise no kwiha icyerekezo gishya.”

Umunsi wo Kwibohora twizihiza mu Rwanda ku wa 4 Nyakanga na wo ni igisobanuro nyacyo cy’urwo rugamba kuko ari umunsi twishimiraho intsinzi yo gusezerera ubuyobozi bubi bwaranzwe n’ingengabitekerezo y’amacakubiri n’igitugu byari byarafashe bugwate Abanyarwanda imyaka irenga 30 kugeza biteye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Mu by’ukuri, urwo rugamba rwari uwo guhitamo hagati yo guheranwa n’amateka no kwiha icyerekezo gishya, kandi urwo rugamba ruracyakomeje.

Nyuma y’uko Ingabo za FPR-Inkotanyi zihagaritse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, igihugu cyatangiye ikindi cyiciro cy’urugendo rwo kwibohora: ubwiyunge, gusana ibyangiritse no gukora impinduka mu nzego zose, bigizwemo uruhare n’imitwe ya politiki itandukanye yihurije hamwe irangajwe imbere na FPR-Inkotanyi.

Uyu munsi, u Rwanda ruratekanye ku bw’icyerezo cyo kudaheza Umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi wiyemeje gushyira imbere, kuko ntuhwema gukora ku buryo abaturage bose bagira uruhare mu miyoborere kandi bagahagararirwa mu bikorwa byerekeye igenwa rya politiki n’ifatwa ry’ibyemezo bireba imibereho yabo.

Kumva ko politiki ari iya bamwe byabaye amateka, abaturage bajya ku isonga

Mbere y’uko FPR yinjira mu rubuga rwa politiki, wasanganga buri gihe mu Rwanda ibyemezo bikomeye bireba igihugu bitumvikanwaho, bitewe n’amacakubiri yabaga ariho, ugasanga Abanyarwanda biciyemo ibice bihanganye, kubera ko buri gice cyabaga gishyigikiye ibyemezo ibi n’ibi, kikumva ko kigomba guhangana n’ikindi gice gishyigikiye ibyemezo bitandukanye n’ibyo.

Abanyapolitiki bari ku butegetsi icyo gihe na bo bumvaga ko ntacyo u Rwanda rwashoboraga kwigezaho, bitewe n’ubuto bwarwo, kudakora ku nyanja no kumva ko rudafite umutungo kamere uhagije. Icyari cyiganje ni imitekerereze yo kumva ko u Rwanda rutashoboraga kubaho igihe rwaba rutabonye inkunga z’amahanga.

Iyo mitekerereze yo kumva ko ntacyo Igihugu cyashoboraga kwigezaho yatumye Abanyarwanda bumva ko ubukene ari karande badashobora kubwigobotora, bituma banumva ko politiki ari iya bamwe, ndetse ugasanga hari bake bifuzaga gushakira umuti ibibazo byari byugarije sosiyete nyarwanda ariko imbaraga zabo zigahora zitatanye zigapfa ubusa. Ubutegetsi bwariho bwashyiragaho inzego za politiki zimakaza kandi zishimangira iyo myumvire, zagize uruhare runini mu kwima abaturage ijambo kandi biba umuco.

Icyakora, kwima abaturage ijambo ntibyari bishingiye gusa ku kuba igihugu kitari gifite ubuyobozi bufite icyerekezo, ahubwo ubukene bwifashishijwe nk’intwaro yo gucungira hafi abaturage, kubacamo ibice no kubaca intege ntibashobore guhuriza hamwe imbaraga. Ni muri urwo rwego kandi, ubutegetsi butigeze bushyira imbaraga zifatika mu gufasha abaturage kuva mu bujiji. Ubuyobozi bwakoze ibishoboka kugira ngo ubujiji bwiganze, bukwirakwire mu byiciro byose by’abaturage kuko bwari bufite inyungu mu gukora ku buryo abaturage batagira ubumenyi n’ubushobozi byashoboraga gutuma bakoma imbere imbaraga z’ubuyobozi bwabakandamizaga cyangwa akarengane bakorerwaga mu buryo butandukanye.

Nyamara kuva FPR yashingwa, yatekereje ko ubukene n’ubujiji ari akarengane gakabije kuko bituma abantu batagira ubushobozi buhagije bwo guhitamo ikibakwiriye no gufata ibyemezo, bikabagira ba nyantege nke. Mu by’ukuri, ubujiji butuma abaturage badasobanukirwa ibibazo nyakuri bituma bakomeza kuba imbata y’ubukene, bigatuma badashobora guhangana na byo no kubishakira umuti.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hirya no hino ku Isi bwagaragaje ko ubukene atari gusa ibyago abantu bisangamo; ahubwo buterwa n’inzego zinanirwa inshingano zazo, ikoreshwa nabi ry’ububasha buhabwa abayobozi, n’ubujiji. Iyo ubukene n’ubujiji bihuriranye bivutsa abantu agaciro ka kimuntu, bigatuma bibasirwa n’ihezwa, bikimakaza ubusumbane kandi bigatuma abaturage baba imbohe z’abanyapolitiki n’abari mu buyobozi bwamunzwe na ruswa babashakiramo inyungu kandi bakabagira ibikoresho byabo.

Ibitekerezo ngenderwaho bya FPR bishingiye ku guha abaturage ijambo n’uruhare rw’ibanze mu buzima bw’Igihugu byatumye abaturage baba umusemburo nyawo w’iterambere, hacika burundu imyumvire ya kera yafataga abaturage nk’abagenerwabikorwa batagombaga kugira ijambo mu bimukorerwa.

Muri urwo rwego, urugero rumwe rugaragara cyane ni ugushyira imbere uburinganire hagati y’abagabo n’abagore no kongerera urubyiruko ubushobozi rukaza ku isonga mu rugendo rwo gufasha igihugu kongera kwiyubaka no kugera ku iterambere rirambye.

Umutekano n'iterambere igihugu gifite byari mu cyerekezo cya FPR Inkotanyi ishingwa

Urugamba rwo guharanira ubwisanzure n’ubutabera

Imwe mu ntwaro zikomeye kurusha izindi mu kubohora igihugu ni ukubohora abaturage mu mitekerereze yabo. Kubohora urubyiruko mu mitekereze yarwo byo biba ari akarusho kuko kurufasha kujijuka ni ukugira uruhare mu gutegurira igihugu abayobozi b’ejo hazaza.

Urugamba rwo kwibohora rwa FPR-Inkotanyi, rwari rukubiyemo urugamba rw’amasasu na gahunda zo gukomeza kujijura abaturage, rukaba rwaratumye Abanyarwanda basobanukirwa ibibazo nyirizina byari bibugarije no kumva ko bari bifitemo ubushobozi bwo kwikura muri ibyo bibazo nk’Abanyarwanda.

Ibyo byatumye Abanyarwanda basobanukirwa ku buryo bwimbitse kandi byanabafashije gusobanukirwa byimbitse uko ibintu byifashe mu gihugu n’uburyo bigira ingaruka ku mibereho yabo ndetse banasobanukirwa ubushobozi bifitemo bwo kugira uruhare mu guhindura ibintu uko biri.

James A. Garfield wabaye Perezida wa 20 wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yabivuze neza agira ati: “Nyuma y’ubwisanzure n’ubutabera, nta kindi gikurikiraho mu kugira akamaro nko kujijura abaturage; kuko iyo abaturage batajijutse, ubwisanzure n’ubutabera ntibishobora gushinga imizi ngo birambe.”

Umwihariko w’ubudasa bwaranze urubyiruko rwagize uruhare mu kubohora u Rwanda washingiye ku mahame ngengamitekerereze agaragaza icyerekezo nyacyo. Ayo mahame ni yo ahanini yubakiweho gushakira umuti imbogamizi zikomeye zagaragaye mu gihe cy’urugamba rw’amasasu FPR yarwanaga na nyuma yo gutangira kuyobora igihugu.

Inkotanyi nk’ingabo zabohoye Igihugu, zari zaratojwe indangagaciro zishingiye ku kubohora abaturage. Inkotanyi zatojwe kutabona ibibazo nk’imbogamizi ahubwo zikabibyaza umusaruro nk’umusemburo wo gukora neza ufite agaciro kuruta indi yose. Ibizazane abagize uruhare mu rugamba rwo kubohora igihugu banyuzemo mu byiciro bitandukanye by’urwo rugamba zatumye basobanukirwa ko iyo abantu biyemeje kudatezuka ku ntego bituma bagira ubushobozi bwo kuba umusemburo w’impinduka zikomeye muri sosiyete, bakarenga imbogamizi zigaragarira amaso n’izibasubiza inyuma mu mitekerereze, kandi bagashobora kubaka ejo heza bifuza. Ibyo byatumye FPR igira imbaraga zo kubohora Igihugu ku buryo budasubirwaho kandi nta gutezuka, biyobora intambwe zayo mu kugera ku ntego yiyemeje.

Igihugu cyacu, nyuma yo kunyura mu butegetsi bw’igitugu bwatumye ubumwe n’imibanire by’Abanyarwanda bisenyuka ku buryo budasubirwaho bikaza kuvamo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, u Rwanda rwashoboye ku buryo budashidikanywaho kwiyubaka mu gihe gito ruba igihugu gitekanye, kirangwa n’ubwiyunge n’ubumwe by’Abanyarwanda, hashyirwa imbere intego yo guharanira iterambere rirambye rishingiye mbere na mbere ku bwisanzure n’ubutabera.

Mu bihe byashize, ubumwe n’imibanire by’Abanyarwanda byasenyutse kubera ko ubutegetsi bwari bwarahisemo kutarengera abaturage uko bikwiye no kubaha uburenganzira bucagase kandi kandi bamwe muri bo akaba ari bo barengerwa kandi bagahabwa uburenganzira.

Abaturage barengerwaga cyangwa bagahabwa uburenganzira hashingiwe ku bwoko, ku byiciro by’imibereho barimo, abo bashyikirana na bo n’imitwe ya politiki barimo ndetse n’imbaraga bafite mu by’ubukungu n’ububasha mu bya politiki.

Imiyoborere ishyira imbere umuturage iri mu byo Abanyarwanda bakesha ibyiza byinshi bamaze kugeraho

Abaturage biyumvamo Ukwibohora

Amateka y’urugamba rwo kwibohora, hirya no hino ku Isi, agaragaza ko urugamba rugera ku ntego ari umusemburo utuma abaturage barushaho kunga ubumwe, kwiyumva ko ari bamwe, gukunda igihugu, kubera ko bahuriza hamwe imbaraga baharanira kugera ku ntego zimwe harimo guharanira umutekano urambye no kwihutisha iterambere ry’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage. Icyakora, igipimo cy’ingenzi kigaragaza by’ukuri ko abaturage bemera ko babohowe kikaba ari uburyo biyumvamo ko ubutegetsi bwababohoye bwubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo bwo kwisanzura kandi bukabaha ubutabera.

Ni ngombwa kwibuka ko ubwo urugamba rwo kwibohora rwatangiraga mu Rwanda, abaturage bari babayeho mu karengane mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi – inzego z’ubutabera zaramunzwe na ruswa ku buryo akenshi uwatsindaga urubanza ari uwabaga yagize icyo atanga kurusha uwo baburana; amashuri yisumbuye n’amakuru agafungurira imiryango abaguze imyanya n’abafite ababavuganira aho kugira ngo amashuri ahabwe abafite ubumenyi n’ababishoboye; umuntu agahabwa umwanya w’umurimo mwiza atari uko afite ubumenyi ahubwo ari uko azwi, ku buryo abadashoboye n’abakoreshaga ububasha bwabo nabi wasangaga ari bo bagororerwa bakazamurwa mu ntera aho gukurikiranwa.

Inzego za Leta zakomeje kugendera ku ngengabitekerezo y’ivangura zasigiwe n’abakoloni. Inzego za gisivili n’iza gisirikare zakomeje kugendera ku bisigisigi by’ubukoloni mu mikorerere yazo, bityo zihitamo gukoresha urugomo nk’igikoresho muri politiki hagamijwe gukora ku buryo inyota ya demokarasi Abanyarwanda bari bafite ipfukiranwa kugira ngo itabangamira ubuyobozi bwashyiraga inyungu zabwo, ku buryo inzego zariho zavutsaga amahirwe ibice bimwe by’abaturage, ku buryo ayo mahirwe yahabwaga abandi baturage kandi ntacyo babarusha; bigera aho ibikorwa bikabije by’ihohotera ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu byirengagizwaga himakazwa umuco wo kudahana ku buryo bamwe mu banyabubasha bari bafite uburenganzira bwo gukingira ikibaba abanyabyaha bakiberaho mu mudendezo nta kuryozwa n’amategeko.

Mu myaka ya 1992–1993, FPR yakoresheje imbaraga za gisirikare ndetse inashingira ku nzira y’ibiganiro by’amahoro bya Arusha hagamijwe kurebera hamwe uburyo bwo kubaka inzego z’amategeko n’iza politiki bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu kuzana impinduka mu miyoborere y’u Rwanda.

Nyuma yo gutsinda ubutegetsi bwateguye bukanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, FPR yakomeje urugamba rwo guharanira uburenganzira bw’ibanze, ukureshya kw’abaturage imbere y’amategeko, ubwigenge bwa buri cyiciro cy’ubutegetsi, ku buryo hagiyeho Guverninoma nshya yimakaje imiyoborere ishingiye kuri ayo mahame.

Impinduka zigaragara u Rwanda rumaze kugeraho uyu munsi ni ikimenyetso gikomeye cyerekana ko Guverinoma iyobowe na FPR yiyemeje gushyira imbere intego za politiki n’imikorere iboneye y’inzego za FPR hagamijwe kugera ku ntego zo gufasha abaturage kugera ku iterambere rigaragarira abaturage kandi bageraho mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Bimwe mu bimenyetso bifatika bigaragaza ibimaze kugerwaho ni ibi bikurikira:

1. Ifatwa ry’ibyemezo rikorwa mu mucyo kandi rigirwamo uruhare n’abarebwa n’ibyo byemezo.

2. Amategeko Leta igenderaho ntashingiye ku gice kimwe cy’abantu, akareba buri wese kandi iyubahirizwa ryayo rigakurikiranwa ku buryo bunoze.

3. Abaturage bashishikarizwa kwishyira bakizana mu kwishyira hamwe mu mashyirahamwe, mu miryango iharanira inyungu runaka, mu mitwe ya politiki no mu bundi buryo, ibyo bikaba imiyoboro ituma abaturage bagira uruhare mu ifatwa ry’ibyemezo byo mu rwego rwa politiki.

4. Ubutabera n’amategeko bigamije kurengera abaturage, kandi abaturage bahabwa inzira zitandukanye zibafasha kugera ku nzego za Leta kandi hakaba hariho uburyo butandukanye bashyiriweho bifashisha mu kujurira no gusaba kurenganurwa.

Umudugudu ugezweho wa Kinigi ni umwe mu mishinga y'imiturire u Rwanda rwakoze, ukaba n'ikimenyetso cyo kwibohora ubukene

Kwibohora nyakuri kwatangiye ubwo urugamba rw’amasasu rwahagararaga

Mu rugendo rw’impinduka u Rwanda rukomeje, kwibohora ntibisaba gusa kwishimira intsinzi twagezeho tuyikesheje intwari zikiriho n’izatanze ubuzima bwazo zikitanga kugira ngo u Rwanda rubeho mu mudendezo n’umutekano, kuko icyo bisaba mbere na mbere ni ukwiyemeza guharanira impinduka buri gihe. Guharanira impinduka buri gihe bigomba gufatwa nk’umurage udufasha kumenya uko dukemura ibibazo bigenda bivuka umunsi ku wundi ndetse no kujyana n’impinduka.

Ni yo mpamvu urubyiruko rugomba gusobanukirwa ko urugamba rwo kwibohora rugikomeje kandi ko na rwo rurebwa n’urwo rugamba aho ruva rukagera, bityo urubyiruko rukaba rutagomba kumva ko kwibohora ari intsinzi y’abababoneye izuba yatumye rugira imibereho rufite uyu munsi iruteye ishema. Mu by’ukuri, iyo urubyiruko ruhawe ijambo, rugahabwa ubushibozi kandi rugashyigikirwa rugira uruhare mu mpinduka mu gihugu hifashishijwe guhanga ibishya no gukoresha ubwenge mwimerere.

Ubwo hizihizwaga umunsi wo kwibohora ku nshuro ya 30 Perezida Paul Kagame yabigarutseho ubwo yabwiraga urubyiruko ko twaharaniye kwishoboza kubaho neza, tunesha ubukene, tukihesha agaciro mu buryo bwose, kandi tukaba igihugu gifatanya n’abandi Banyafurika batanga uruhare rwabo mu kubaka isi iduha ubwisanzure.

Iyo nshingano y’urubyiruko ijyanye n’intego yo kwiha agaciro nk’ihame ry’ingenzi rikomeje gushyirwa imbere muri politiki zitandukanye z’u Rwanda no mu ruhando rwa politiki.

Kumenya no gukoresha umutungo wacu bwite mu kwiyubakira igihugu kigera ku rwego rutuma nta muntu uhangara kudusuzugura ni intambwe ikomeye mu mateka. Uwo ni wo murage urubyiruko rw’u Rwanda rutozwa: kubaho rufite agaciro no kugaharanira – guha mugenzi wawe agaciro na we akakaguha no kugira uruhare mu mibereho myiza y’umuturanyi nk’uko na we agira uruhare mu yawe.

Urugamba rukomeje rwo kubaka u Rwanda rushingiye ku kwimakaza impinduka zihoraho ni gukomeza umuvuduko igihugu kimaze kugeraho mu rugendo rwo kubaka igihugu gikomeye giharanira kwigira, cyanze guheranwa n’amateka ahubwo kikaba cyariyemeje gushaka inzira kigana imbere hagamijwe ejo heza kurusha none harangwa n’ubwisanzure, ubutabera n’uburumbuke.

Urwo ni urugendo twiyemeje, bityo urubyiruko rukunda igihugu rukaba rugomba buri gihe kuba umusingi w’intego igamijwe muri urwo rugendo. Nta gushidikanya, urubyiruko rw’u Rwanda rw’iki gihe rufite ubushobozi n’ubushake.

Ubukerarugendo ni rumwe mu nzego ubuyobozi bw'igihugu burangajwe imbere na FPR Inkotanyi bwashyizemo imbaraga

Ubuhinzi buri mu nzego zavuguruwe cyane mu myaka 32 ishize

Paul Munyandamutsa wanditse iyi nkuru ni Umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda