Mu gihe twitegura kwizihiza Umuganura muri uyu mwaka ku wa 1 Kanama 2025, ni ngombwa ko tumenya neza iteka ry’Umuganura wa mbere y’ubukoloni kugira ngo tudahusha intego y’uwo muhango ukomeye cyane w’Abanyarwanda wahanzwe n’abakurambere bacu.

Uyu mwaka, Umuganura uzizihirizwa ku rwego rw’Igihugu i Musanze. Insanganyamatsiko iragira iti “Umuganura, isoko y’ubumwe n’ishingiro ryo kwigira”.

Iyi nsanganyamatsiko ivoma mu iteka rya Perezida No. 54/01 ryo kuwa 24 Gashyantare 2017 mu ngingo ya 3 (100) rigena ko buri wa Gatanu wa mbere w’ukwezi kwa Kanama haba umunsi w’ikiruhuko kugira ngo “Abanyarwanda basabane, bunge ubumwe, bazirikane ibyiza bagezeho ari nako bahiga gukora neza kurushaho umwaka utaha”.

Abanyarwanda b’ubu iyo babona uwo munsi mukuru wizihizwa abantu basangira, barya bakananywa bishimye, hari abibwira ko birangirira kuri ibyo birori byo gusangira gusa. Kubitekereza gutyo ni nko gutaha ubukwe, mukizihiza ibirori byabwo, ariko byarangira hakagira abatamenya niba bwari ubukwe bwo gufata irembo, gusaba umugeni, cyangwa se gushyingira umukobwa! None se kwizihiza ibirori by’Umuganura, ko na byo ari ‘umuhango’, kera wahangiwe iki? Ese Umuganura waba ‘umugenzo’ wibutsa iki Abanyarwanda b’ubu?

Kwizihiza Umuganura ni ibirori koko kandi bikomeye cyane mu Rwanda kuko bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’Iguhugu n’abagituye bose, ukaba unabibutsa inshingano zabo ku Isi, ndetse n’uko bagomba kuzigeraho ngo babeho neza.

Ibi rero no mu bindi bihugu bibaho iyo bizihiza ibyo bita ‘Halloween’, ‘Thanksgiving Day’, ‘Harvest Day’, ‘First-Fruits Ceremony’, n’indi minsi mikuru bijya gusa. Ni umuhango uhuza abatuye igihugu bose, abariho n’abakurambere babo, abayobozi n’abayoborwa, abana n’ababyeyi babo, mu ruhererekane rw’ubumwe bwuzuye.

Umuganura kandi utoza abantu umurimo unoze ari byo bishobora kuzatuma “kwigira” bigerwaho.

Ni irihe zingiro ry’umuganura wo hambere?

Mu Rwanda hahozeho Umuganura w’ibwami n’Umuganura wa rubanda; bityo inzego zose, abayobozi n’abayoborwa, ndetse n’imiryango yose igize igihugu, bakizihiza Umuganura buri mwaka. Kereka iyo u Rwanda rwabaga rutagifite ubuzima. Ndavuga iyo rwabaga rwarigaruriwe n’abanyamahanga (nk’Abanyoro ku Ngoma ya Yuhi II Gahima (1444-1477), Abanyabungo ku ngoma ya Ndahiro II Cyamatare (1477-1510); ndetse no mu gihe cy’abakoloni b’Ababiligi bamaze kwirukana umwiru mukuru w’Umuganura (1925-1962).

Ku rwego rw’Igihugu Umuganura w’ibwami wategurwaga n’Abiru b’Umuganura bafatanyije n’abanyamuhango bawo, ukayoborwa n’Umwami n’Umugabekazi. Na ho ku rwego rwo hasi, Umuganura wayoborwaga n’abatware bakaganuza abakuru b’imiryango, na bo bakaganuza abo bayobora mu miryango yabo.

Umuganura wari umuhango uva hejuru ugakwira hose nka wa “mwera uturuka ibukuru”. Na n’ubu iryo hame riracyubahirizwa ku rwego rw’Igihugu, ariko mu miryango hasi, mu ngo zacu, ubu bikwiye kongerwamo intege, dore ko iyo miryango imyinshi yanatatanye itakiri hamwe nk’uko byahoze kera.

Umuganura ‘uturuka’ muri Kanama (abiru bawushinzwe bitegura kubiba [guturutsa] uburo n’amasaka bizakoreshwa) ukaribwa mu nzora za Nyakanga (ibwami ba biru bazana amasaka y’amaka [mu gitenga] azavugwamo umutsima n’Umwami, hanyuma akaganuza abatware, na bo bakabona kujya kuganuza abakuru b’imiryango, bikagera no hasi ku bagize iyo miryango bose.

Urwo ruhererekane rwerekana ubumwe bw’Abayobozi n’abayoborwa, abana n’ababyeyi, imiryango n’Igihugu. Ubwo ni ubumwe budacagase, bwizihizwa basoma ku ntango y’Ubumwe (kenshi y’amarwa), banahiga gukora neza kurushaho mu mwaka utaha.

Umuganura wategurwaga n’abiru bo mu Bumbogo bwa Huro bo kwa Musana (Kibariro cya Myaka ya Gihe). Bahingaga amasaka y’amaka mu nkuka za Nyabarongo (aho bizeye ko yanavomererwa amapfa aramutse ateye), ariko ayo masaka n’uburo byahingwaga n’amasuka akwikiye mu giti cy’umwifuzo (wifuriza Abanyarwanda ibyiza).

Ayo masuka na yo yagombaga kuba yaracuzwe mu butare cyangwa ibumba ryakuwe n’Abenemuhinda mu Ngaju za Mushongi. Abiru bo mu Bumbogo bwa Huro ni bo bazanaga ibwami igitenga cy’ayo masaka n’uburo bizavugwamo umutsima n’Umwami, ariko byaba ngombwa ko bacumbika bakarara mu Bagesera. Abatsobe na bo bagakurira uwo muhango ibwami.

Ihame ririmo ni uko uwo muhango wagombaga kugirwamo uruhare n’Abanyarwanda bose bashyize hamwe, haba mu kuwutegura no kuwizihiza. Byabibutsaga gushyira hamwe kw’Abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose, mu bihe byose, kandi bakomoka imihanda yose, kuko bagize ishyanga rimwe ry’u Rwanda (ari rwo ‘Urumuri rwanda’ mu byaremwe byose).

Umwiru wari ushinzwe Umuganura ku Ngoma z’abami b’Ibimanuka yitwaga Gihe, ku Ngoma z’abami b’Umushumi akaba Myaka, na Kibariro ku Ngoma za nyuma z’Abami b’Ibitekerezo. Izina ry’ubwiru yitwaga Kibariro cya Myaka ya Gihe.

Ibwami habaga inzu z’imihango eshatu zirimo kwa Kibogo, kwa Gihanga no kwa Cyilima. Aba ni abami bari bahagarariye izo Ngoma nkuru eshatu z’u Rwanda mu bihe bikuru byabayeho kuva rugihangwa n’abakurambere b’Ibimanuka (bamanutse ku Mana y’i Rwanda [Abanyarwanda ni “Ben’Imana” nk’uko biririmbwa kuva na mbere y’ubukoloni]).

Lt Col (Rtd) Nyirimanzi Gerard, Uwungirije Umukuru wa BENIRAGE yavuze ko umuganura ukwiye kugarura ihame ry’ubumwe budacagase

Indangagaciro Umuganura wa kera ubumbatiye

Icyibutsa ubumwe n’izindi ndangagaciro shingiro z’Abanyarwanda mu muhango w’Umuganura ni uko ya nkono Umwami n’Umugabekazi bavugiragamo umutsima uzaribwa ku Muganura, warikwaga n’inkwi z’umurama wasabiweho Umutima, Ubusugi, Uburame, Ubuhoro n’Uburumbuke. Ni ukuvuga ko abasangiye wa muganura bazagira uwo mutima ubumbatiye indangagaciro z’Abanyarwanda zose, hamwe n’ibyo bintu bindi bine byasabirwaga Abanyarwanda (ku Musozi wa Kigali) kugirango babeho neza ibihe byose.

Umuganura rero si ukurya gusa no kunywa kuko mu Bwiru bw’u Rwanda Umuganura ni ikintu gikomeye cyane. Uturuka mbere ya Gihanga (Umwami wa nyuma w’Ibimanuka n’uwa mbere w’Umushumi), na we awutugezaho.

‘Kumanuka’ ni uguturuka ku Mana. Ni yo mpamvu n’izo mbuto nkuru zikoreshwa mu kuganuza zaturutse ku Mana. Zitwibutsa rero ko Igihugu cyacu ari Ijuru, ko cyo n’abagituye bose bakomoka ku Mana.

Ibimanuka (bya kabiri) bitangirana na Sabizeze ari we Kigwa (Saba-Imana zeze, iziteze uzihorere) bikagera kuri Gihanga. Abanyarwanda bemeraga ko byamanutse bizanye n’imbuto nkuru z’ibanze (uburo, amasaka, inzuzi n’isogi) ndetse n’ubutare bwo gucura amasuka yo kubibiba, hamwe n’umuriro bikuye mu ijuru kuko nyina (Gasani) yakosheje ariko agasaba imbabazi Imana ikabaha Umutabazi (Kibogo). Niyo mpamvu bizihiza Umuganura barya kuri za mbuto z’ibanze zavuye ku Mana, bakarya umutsima uvanze uburo n’amasaka.

Imana rero ngo yashatse kwiyunga na bo ibatumaho Umutabazi Kibogo, ariko ab’Isi ntibamwumva, baramufata baramubamba ku giti baramwica. Nyuma Imana ariko iramwomora iramwerura asubira mu ijuru. Iyo u Rwanda rero rugize amakuba, umuzimu wa Kibogo aza mu maraso y’umwana w’Umwami akajya kwitangira u Rwanda. Niyo mpamvu kuva u Rwanda rwabaho rwagize abarwitangira.

Abakoloni bagera mu Rwanda rwari rumaze kugira abatabazi 41, tukanizihiza umunsi w’abatabazi bose. Ariko si uwo munsi wari uw’Umuganura. Uti ibyo se bihurira hehe n’Umuganura ubu twizihiza? Ni Umuganura wo mu ibanze utakibukwa.

Abanyarwanda ngo bakomeje kwibuka uwo mutabazi hakabaho icyunamo cya Gicurasi (Werurwe) kimara iminsi 40 bibuka urwo rupfu rwa Kibogo. Iyo icyunamo cyarangira bizihizaga umunsi w’Umutabazi barya intonorano (Impfizi y’ibwami) kugirango ‘bakure Gicurasi’ ari byo bita ‘ibirori bya Kamena’. Kwari ukugira ngo bakure Gicurasi itazagaruka muri bo.

Iyo bigeze mu nzora za Nyakanga ni bwo baryaga Umuganura. Bivuze ngo hari umutabazi wapfuye arazuka agatanga imbuto y’umwaka ngo barye. Mu buryo bw’ubwiru rero iyo ni imbuto y’ubugingo (barya umwaka mushya). Ni ikiremwa gishya cyongeye gucanwa ngo cyake. Ni nk’itara ryari ryazimye rikongera kwaka.

Umwami Ndahiro II Cyamatare yarishwe nka Kibogo, haba igisibo. Urupfu rwe ruhurirana na Gicurasi. Na Ruganzu aza nk’Umutabazi aturutse iburasirazuba, atangiza umuganura mushya w’amasaka. Ibyo rero kwari ukwizihiza umuganura wo gukaruka kuri gakondo (ku bari baragannye ahandi kubera icyo cyunamo). Abaturage bava ibuzimu bongera kujya ibuntu, kwaka, agaruka mu Mana.

Ruganzu na we yaje nk’Umutabazi, na nyuma ye habonetse abandi batabazi. Kuganura rero bivuze gusubira ku Mana, kurya umwaka mushya, kwaka kuko habonetse Umutabazi ubasubiza ubugingo bw’Imana. Ibyo Abanyarwanda bagahora babyibuka.

Ibyo byibukwaga muri wa muhango Umwami (n’Umugabekazi) bavuga wa mutsima uzaribwa ku muganura. Basukagamo amazi inshuro icyenda habanje Umwami agasukamo inshuro icyenda, n’Umugabekazi insuro icyenda, n’Umwiru mukuru inshuro icyenda. Ni icyenda cyenda inka n’abana.

Nyuma Umwami yahitaga aganuza abatware, akababwira ati "Mugende muhinge nweze, mworore zororoke, mubyare mugwize. Akaba abahaye umugisha uturuka ku Mana ahagarariye.

Abiru rero ni bo baganuzaga Umwami (bajyanye amasaka mu gitenga), na we akaganuza abatware, na bo bakaganuza abo batwara, ari bo bakuru b’imiryango. Na bo rero bakajya mu miryango yabo bakaganuza abayigize.

Urwo ruhererekane ruhatse ihame ry’ubumwe buturuka ku Mana (yatanze imbuto), abiru bayishinzwe bakayibiba, nyuma bakaganuza Umwami, na we akaganuza abataware, na bo bakaganuza rubanda.

Umukoloni wari ugamije guca ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yaciye Umwiru mukuru ushinzwe Umuganura (Gashamura ka Rukangirashyamba) mu 1925 ahungira i Burundi, nyuma aza no guca Umwami Musinga wayoboraga uwo muhango. Nyuma y’ubukoloni ku ngoma z’amacakubiri za Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri Umuganura wizihizwaga no gusangira gusa ibivuye mu buhinzi cyane cyane, kuko izo ngoma zumvaga ko ngo ‘Umurimo ari uguhinga ibindi ari amahirwe !’

Ibyo kwizihiza ’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda’ byo ntibyanashobokaga kuri izo ngoma (n’ubwo byahoraga biririrmbwa) kuko hari abatari bemerewe kurubamo. Leta y’Ubumwe nyuma y‘Urugamba rwo Kubohora u Rwanda ni yo yagaruye ihame nyakuri ry’ubumwe riri mu kwizihiza Umuganura. Nyuma yongeraho n’indangagaciro yo ‘kwigira’ kubera gutereranwa n’amahanga cyane cyane mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

Iteka rikwiye gusigara mu kwizihiza umuganura w’ubu

Mbere y’ubukoloni, ku rwego rw’Igihugu Umuganura wayoborwaga n’Umwami afashijwe n’abanyamihango b’Umuganura, na ho ku rwego rw’umuryango, umukuru w’umuryango akaba ari we uyobora iyo mihango. Mu gusangira bizihiza Umuganura, Abanyarwanda babaga bashimira Imana igihugu cyiza yabahaye, uburumbuke bw’umuryango, imyaka n’amatungo bungutse, n’ibindi byose bagezeho kubera gukora umurimo unoze.

Baganuzaga Umwami amata, amasaka n’izindi mbuto nkuru ari zo uburo, inzuzi n’isogi ariko bakongeraho n’ibindi byose byabaga byeze muri icyo gihe. Abatware na bo n’abakuru b’imiryango bakaganuza abo bashinzwe babigenza gutyo.

Muri iki gihe turimo, umuganura ntukwiye kurangiririra mu kurya no kunywa gusa twishimira umusaruro twagezeho. Ahubwo iteka ry’Umuganura rikwiye gukomeza ibihe byose ni uko Umuganura ari umugenzo wahanzwe n’abakurambere kugirango wibutse Abanyarwanda ko ari bamwe, kandi ko bagomba gukora ngo bagire ubuzima bwiza; buri wese akabigiramo uruhare ; kandi hakaba hari aho bagera bagasubiza amaso inyuma bakareba aho bavuye n’ibyo bamaze kugeraho bakanabyishimira.

Ibi bituma bafatira hamwe ingamba z’uko ibitaragenze neza babikosora ngo babinoze kurushaho. Kugira ngo ibyo byose bishoboke ni uko bagomba kuba bagororokeye Imana, abantu n’ibintu, ndetse na bo ubwabo. Nguko uko Umuganura uzaba “isoko y’ubumwe n’ishingiro ryo kwigira” nyabyo.

Ku Muganura Abanyarwanda basangira ibyo bagezeho mu mwaka wose