Nyuma y’aho igihano cyo kwicwa gikuriweho mu mategeko y’u Rwanda muri 2007, usanga binyuze mu bitangazamakuru bitandukanye (radiyo, televiziyo n’imbuga za internet), bamwe mu baturage basaba ko icyo gihano cyagarurwa mu mategeko yo mu Rwanda bavuga ko kuba cyarakuweho byatumye ibyaha bikomeye byiyongera, ariko iyo usuzumye uburyo cyavuyeho n’aho u Rwanda rugeze ubu mu butabera, usanga bigoye cyane ko icyifuzo cy’abo baturage cyakumvikana.

Abasaba igarurwa ry’iki gihano usanga babishingira akenshi ku makuru y’ibyaha by’ubugome bigenda bikorwa hiryo no hino mu gihugu birimo nko gusambanya abana, kwica uwo bashakanye, kwica abana n’ibindi. Ariko mbere yo kwibaza niba bishoboka ko iki gihano gisumba ibindi ku isi cyagarurwa mu mategeko y’u Rwanda, umuntu akwiye kubanza kumenya uburyo mu rwego mpuzamahanga iki gihano gifatwa kugeza n’aho u Rwanda rwagikuyeho, ndetse akamenya akamaro n’ingaruka zacyo.

Igihano cyo kwicwa gifatwa gite mu rwego mpuzamahanga?

Mbere y’uko u Rwanda rukura igihano cyo kwicwa mu mategeko yarwo, mu rwego mpuzamahanga hari hasanzweho Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) ryo kuwa 10 Ukuboza 1948, UDHR mu mpine z’amagambo y’Icyongereza, u Rwanda rugengwa n’iryo tangazo ndetse nk’uko bigaragara mu Irangashingiro (preamble) ry’Itegeko-Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo kuwa 04 Kamena 2003 (nk’uko ryavuguruwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu) u Rwanda rwiyemeje gukomeza kugengwa na UDHR kandi zimwe mu ngingo za UDHR zifite aho zihuriye n’ikurwaho ry’igihano cyo kwicwa. Ingero ni nk’izi zikurikira:

–  Ingingo ya 3 ya UDHR ivuga ko buri muntu afite uburengazira bwo kubaho, uburenganzira ku bwigenge no kugira umutekano (Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person)

–  Ingingo ya 5 ya UDHR yo ivuga ko ko nta muntu ugomba gukorerwa iyicarubozo cyangwa ngo afatwe mu buryo bwa kinyamaswa cyangwa butesha agaciro umuntu cyangwa ngo ahabwe ibihano nk’ibyo (No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment)

Hari abahera kuri izi ngingo rero bakavuga ko n’igihano cyo kwicwa cyaba gitesha umuntu agaciro cyangwa se ari icya kinyamaswa kuri bo bikaba bihagije ngo bitume bagikuraho.

Andi Masezerano Mpuzamahanga yari ari ho mbere y’uko u Rwanda rukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa ni ayerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’Imbonezamubano na Politiki yo ku wa 19 Ukuboza 1966 (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), ICCPR mu mpine z’amagambo y’Icyongereza. U Rwanda rwayashyizeho umukono (through accession) kuwa 16 April 1975. Muri ICCPR usangamo ingingo zitandukanye zifite aho zihuriye n’gihano cyo kwicwa. Urugero rw’izo ngingo ni nk’izi zikurikira:

–  Ingingo ya 6 ya ICCPR ivuga ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo kubaho kandi ko ntawushobora kumwambura ubuzima, ko no mu gihe kubumwambura bibayeho nk’igihano bigomba gukurikiza amategeko kandi bikemezwa n’urubanza rwaciwe burundu n’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha kandi bene icyo gihano kigatangwa gusa ku byaha bikomeye cyane (only for the most serious crimes). Ikindi cy’ingenzi iyi ngingo igarukaho ni uko iki gihano kidashobora guhabwa abari munsi y’imyaka 18 n’abagore batwite. Iyi ngingo ariko ikavuga ko itazaba urwitwazo cyangwa urukerereza ku bihugu bishaka gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa.

–  Ingingo ya 7 ya ICCPR yo ikavuga ko nta muntu ugomba gukorerwa iyicarubozo cyangwa ngo afatwe mu buryo bwa kinyamaswa cyangwa butesha agaciro cyangwa ngo ahabwe ibihano nk’ibyo “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”.

Hari aho usanga uburyo igihano cyo kwicwa gishyirwa mu bikorwa bamwe babwita ubwa kinyamaswa. Izi ngingo za ICCPR rero zahuzwa n’iza UDHR twavuze haruguru ugasanga bituma bamwe bakomeza kubona ko igihano cyo kwicwa gikwiriye kuvaho mu bihugu byose.

Nyuma ya ICCPR, kuwa 10/12/1984 LONI yashyizeho amasezerano mpuzamahanga agamije kurwanya iyicarubozo (Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), CAT mu mpine, maze u Rwanda ruyashyiraho umukono kuwa 15 December 2008 (through accession).

Nyuma y’ayo mazezerano twavuze haruguru,byaje kugaragara ko ari ngombwa gushyiraho amasezerano mpuzamahanga yihariye yo gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa, maze kuwa 15/12/1989 LONI ishyiraho Amasezerano y’Inyongera ya Kabiri Adategestwe kuri ICCPR agamije gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa (Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty) kugira ngo ashyirweho imikono ku bushake n’ibihugu byari byarashyize umukono kuri ICCPR maze u Rwanda (through accession) rwemeza ayo masezerano y’inyongera kuwa 15 Dec 2008, ni ukuvuga ku munsi umwe n’uwo rwemerejeho CAT twavuze hejuru yerekeye kurwanya iyicarubozo.

Ese igihano cyo kwicwa mu Rwanda cyakuweho n’irihe tegeko? Ese cyasimbuwe n’ikihe gihano?

Igihano cyo kwicwa cyakuweho n’itegeko ngenga nº 31/2007 ryo kuwa 25/07/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa (nk’uko ryavuguruwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu). Iri tegeko ryagisimbuje igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko, ritaravugurwa rikaba ryarateganyaga mu ngingo yaryo ya 4 ko uhawe burundu y’umwihariko afungirwa mu kato (le condamné est mis dans l’isolement)

Iri tegeteko ngenga ryaje guhindurwa n’itegeko ngenga nº 05/2009/OL ryo kuwa 21/12/2009 rihindura kandi ryuzuza itegeko ngenga nº 31/2007 ryo kuwa 25/07/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa maze aho kuvuga ko uhawe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko afungirwa mu kato hasimbuzwa ko hazabaho itegeko rigena uburyo bwo kurangiza no gushyira mu bikorwa icyo gihano.

Itegeko ngenga rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa ryongeye kuvugururwa muri 2013 n’itegeko ngenga n° 08/2013/OL ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rihindura kandi ryuzuza itegeko ngenga n° 31/2007 ryo kuwa 25/07/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu. Muri iri rya 2013 bavugururaga ingingingo ya 5 maze basobanura ku buryo bugaragara ibyaha bihanishwa igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko ndetse banavugamo abaterebwa n’icyo gihano. Iki gihano cyasimbuye icyo kwicwa gihanishwa uwakoze isubiracyaha ry’icyaha gisanzwe gihanishwa igifungo cya burundu cyangwa se uwakoze ibyaha bikurikira:

1° iyicarubozo riteye uwarikorewe urupfu;
2° ubwicanyi bwongeyeho ubushinyaguzi ku murambo;
3° icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu;
4° ibikorwa by’iterabwoba byateje urupfu rw’umuntu;
5° gusambanya umwana bikozwe n’umufiteho ububasha;
6° gusambanya umwana bikamuviramo urupfu cyangwa indwara idakira;
7° kwangiza imyanya ndangabitsina.

Ingingo ya 5 bis y’iri tegeko ngenga ryo muri 2013 yongeyeho ko Uregwa wahamwe n’icyaha mu rubanza rwimuriwe mu Rwanda ruvuye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda cyangwa mu kindi gihugu adashobora guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko.

Nk’uko rero bigaragazwa n’amatariki y’itegeko ngenga nº 31/2007 ryo kuwa 25/07/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa n’ay’u Rwanda rwashyiriyeho umukono kuri Second Optional Protocol to ICCPR (twasobanuye haruguru) yakuyeho igihano cyo kwicwa, U Rwanda rwakuyeho igihano cyo kwicwa mbere yo gushyira umukono kuri Second Optional Protocol to ICCPR. Bivuze ko rwagikuyeho rushingiye ku bushake bwarwo cyangwa se ku zindi mpamvu tutashakira muri aya masezerano.

Ni izihe mpamvu zaba zarateye u Rwanda gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa?

N’ubwo tutazi neza impamvu nyir’izina zaba zarateye u Rwanda gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa, hari izo umuntu yatekereza akurikije uko ibintu byagiye bikurikirana (circumstances). Izo mpamvu twibwira ni nk’izi zikurikira:

1. Mbere y’uko igihano cyo kwicwa gikurwaho mu Rwanda, muri 2003 u Rwanda rwari rwaratoye Itegeko-Nshinga rishya maze mu ngingo yaryo ya 12 rikagira riti “Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kubaho. Ntawe ushobora kuvutswa ubuzima mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko” naho iya 15 yo ikagira iti “Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe. Nta wushobora kwicwa urubozo, gukorerwa ibibabaza umubiri, cyangwa ngo akorerwe ibikorwa by’ ubugome, ibikorwa bidakwiye umuntu cyangwa bimutesha agaciro”. Izi ngingo iyo uzigereranyije n’uburyo abantu benshi bafata igihano cyo kwicwa nk’igihano gitesha agaciro umuntu kandi kikanamwambura ubuzima, usanga byari gutuma u Rwanda ruziheraho rugakuraho icyo gihano.

2. Muri iyi myaka 21 ishize u Rwanda rwagiye rutera imbere mu bintu bitandukanye harimo n’ubutabera ku buryo ubwarwo rwashoboraga kwibwiriza gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa kuko nk’uko twabisobanuye haruguru, hari abagifata nk’igihano gitesha agaciro muntu cyangwa cya kinyamaswa bityo kukirekeraho bikaba byarafatwaga na bamwe nko kunyuranya n’Itegeko-Nshinga cyane cyane ingingo ya 15 twanditse hejuru.

3. U Rwanda rwagiye rusinyana n’ibihugu bitandukanye Amasezerano yo koherezanya abakurikiranweho ibyaha (extradition agreements/extradition MoUs), bimwe muri ibyo bihugu bikaba byari byarakuyeho igihano cyo kwicwa mu mategeko yabyo bigasaba ko n’u Rwanda rubikora kugira ngo ruhuze n’igihugu rugiye kugirana nacyo bene ayo masezerano. Urugero ni Ubwumvikane bwabaye hagati y’u Rwanda na Britain bwerekeye kohereza abantu batanu bakekwagaho ibyaha bya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994 (memorandum of understanding regarding the five genocide suspects) bwabaye kuwa 08 Werurwe 2013 kandi Britain ntijya yohereza abakekwaho ibyaha mu bihugu bigifite igihano cyo kwicwa cyane cyane ko yo yakuyeho icyo gihano guhera mu 1965.

4. Kuwa 4 Werurwe 2008, u Rwanda na LONI byashyize umukono ku masezerano yemerera u Rwanda kwakira abakatiwe ibihano n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda ICTR ngo babirangirize mu Rwanda, u Rwanda rwashoboraga gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa no mu rwego rwo koroshya igerwaho ry’ayo masezerano.

5. Vuba aha urukiko rwa Arusha (ICTR) rwohereje abakekwaho ibyaha bya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kuburanishwa n’inkiko z’u Rwanda, ibi ntibyari kugerwaho iyo u Rwanda ruza kuba rugifite igihano cyo kwicwa mu mategeko yarwo kuko ruriya Rukiko ntirwagikoreshaga mu bihano rwatangaga. Iyi na yo yaba imwe mu mpamvu zari gutuma u Rwanda rwihutita gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa.

6. U Rwanda rukeneye ko ibihugu bicumbikiye abakekwaho jenoside yakorewe abatutsi bibohereza bakaburanishirizwa mu nkiko z’u Rwanda n’ubwo ibyo bihugu bitaba bifitanye n’U Rwanda amasezerano yabigenewe (bita extradition agreements) kandi kimwe mu birebwa n’ibihugu bimwe na bimwe ni ukuba igihugu bagiye koherezamo ukekwaho ibyaha kidafite igihamo cyo kwicwa.

7. Iyi mpamvu ya 6 tumaze kuvuga hejuru yaba ari nayo yatumye u Rwanda rushyiraho Itegeko Ngenga Nº 11/2007 ryo ku wa 16/03/2007 rigena kwimurira muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda imanza zivuye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda n’izivuye mu bindi Bihugu nk’uko ryavuguruwe kandi rikuzuzwa n’ Itegeko Ngenga no 3/2009/OL ryo kuwa 26/5/2009. Ingingo ya 21 yaryo ikavuga ko abahamwe n’ibyaha baroherejwe mu buryo bugenwa n’iri tegeko ngenga batazahabwa igihano kirenze igifungo cya burundu. Bisobanuye ko guhera muri Werurwe 2007 u Rwanda rwari rwaratangiye gukuraho igihano cyo kwicwa n’ubwo rwari rutaragikuraho ku bantu bose. Bityo rero iyo batagikuraho ku bantu bose byari gufatwa nk’aho abantu boherejwe na ICTR cyangwa ibindi bihugu barusha agaciro abasanzwe mu Rwanda nyamara Itegeko-Nshinga cyane cyane mu ngingo yaryo ya 11 (igika cya mbere) ryo rivuga ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko.

Ese haba hariho ibyiza (advantages) by’igihano cyo kwicwa?

Igihano cyo kwicwa kigira ingaruka zitandukanye ariko iyo ugisuzumanye ubutabogama (impartiality) usanga gifite n’ibyiza (akamaro) bijyana nacyo:

1. Iyo umuntu wakoze icyaha gikomeye cyane kandi bikaba bigaragara ko agumye muri sosiyete yakomeza gukora ibyaha nk’icyo yahamijwe, iyo bamuhaye igihano cyo kwicwa ubwo bwoba ko yakongera kugisubira buba buvuyeho kuko kumufunga ntiwabyizera ijana ku ijana kuko no gutoroka geleza bijya bibaho.

2. Hari igihe uburemere bw’icyaha umuntu yakoze ubwacyo buba bushobora guteza imidugararo mu baturage aramutse adakuwe muri sosiyete burundu, bumwe mu buryo bwo kuyimukuramo burundu ni ukumuha igihano cyo kwicwa.
3. Iyo umuntu ahawe igihano cyo kwicwa ntakomeza kubera umuryango we na Leta umuzigo, cyane cyane ko Leta ari yo itanga amafaranga menshi ku bafungwa/bagororwa: ayo guhemba abakozi b’ Urwego rw‟Igihugu Rushinzwe Imfungwa n’Abagororwa (RCS), ayo gutunga abafungwa/abagororwa, kubavuza, agaciro k’ubutaka bwubatseho za gereza bwakoreshwa ibindi, n’amafaranga Leta ishora mu kubaka amagereza, n’ibindi.
4. Igihano cyo kwicwa kiratinyika cyane ku buryo abantu iyo bagitekereje usanga barushijeho gutinya gukora ibyaha bigiteganyirizwa.

Ese haba hariho ibibi by’igihano cyo kwicwa?

Igihano cyo kwicwa kigira ingaruka nyinshi ndetse usanga zinaremereye kurusha akamaro kacyo:

1. Hari abavuga ko muri kamere yacyo, igihano cyo kwicwa ari igihano cya kinyamaswa (inherently cruel and inhuman) kuko cyambura ubuzima ugihabwa nyamara amahame mpuzamahanga yo avuga ko ntawe ukwiye kwamburwa ubuzima

2. Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe usanga ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’icyo gihano rikorwa mu buryo bwa kinyamaswa bukabije: twavuga nko kubamba uwahawe icyo gihano, kumumanika ku mugozi umufatiye mu ijosi, kumuha uburozi, kumutera amabuye kugeza apfuye, kumwicira mu ruhame, n’ibindi.

3. Birashoboka ko uhabwa igihano cyo kwicwa yahamwa n’icyaha arengana, impamvu zerekana akarengane ke zikagaragara yaramaze kwicwa, bityo gukosora akarengane bikaba bitagishobotse. Mu Rwanda ubu dufite amategeko yemerera uwarenganye gusaba ko urubanza rwe rwaciwe burundu rusubirwamo byaba ari mu buryo bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya (application for review) cyangwa gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane (review for injustice reasons) binyuze ku Muvunyi akagusabira Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kurusubiramo. K’uwamaze guhabwa igihano cyo kwicwa rero ntiyaba akibonye ubwo butabera akarengane ke kamenyekanye nyuma y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’icyo gihano.

4. Ubusanzwe umwe mu mimaro y’igihano ni ugukosora uwahamijwe icyaha kugira ngo asubire muri sosiyete noneho yitware neza, igihano cyo kwicwa rero ntacyo kimarira ugihawe ku bijyanye no gukosoka ngo asubire ku murongo kuko aba atakiriho.

5. Rimwe na rimwe kandi hakurikijwe amategeko, abakatiwe ibihano hari igihe bahabwa imbabazi (grace/amnesty) cyangwa gufungurwa bagategekwa kubahiriza ibintu runaka (conditional release). Uwahawe igihano cyo kwicwa rero aba yambuwe ayo mahirwe yose kuko icyo gihano kimwambura ubuzima.

Ese birashoboka kugarura igihano cyo kwicwa mu mategeko y’u rwanda?

N’ubwo ntawakwihandagaza ngo avuge ko bidashoboka ko cyasubizwaho cyane cyane ko burya abenegihugu ari bo bihitiramo ibibakwiriye (people’s right to self-determination), gusubizaho igihano cyo kwicwa mu mategeko y’u Rwanda biragoye kubera impamvu zikurikira:

1. Nk’uko twabivuze hejuru u Rwanda ruri gutera imbere mu butabera kandi twabonye ko igihano cyo kwicwa gifatwa na benshi nk’igihano cya kinyamaswa ndetse rimwe na rimwe umuntu ashobora guhamwa n’icyaha bikazagaragara nyuma ko yarenganyijwe.

2. U Rwanda rwemeje kugengwa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga Second Optional Protocol to ICCPR akuraho igihano cyo kwicwa, bityo rukaba rudashobora kwica inshingano zikubiye muri ayo masezerano rugaruraho igihano cyo kwicwa.

3. U Rwanda rufitanye n’ibihugu bitandukanye amazerano yo kohererezanya abakekwaho ibyaha (extradition) kandi kimwe mu bishingirwaho bene ayo masezerano ni ukuba bifite amategeko mpanabyaha yenda gusa harimo no kuba byombi bifite cyangwa bidafite igihano cyo kwicwa.

4. U Rwanda rucyakeneye kohererezwa abakekwaho ibyaha bya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi bagicumbikiwe n’ibindi bihugu kandi bimwe muri ibyo bihugu ntibijya byohereza abakekwaho ibyaha mu bihugu bigifite igihano cyo kwicwa.

Iki ni igitekerezo bwite n’ubusesenguzi bwa Me Jean Népomuscène Mugengangabo