Mu gihe umuntu ashaka gusaba inguzanyo ni ingenzi kugira ibyo witwararika kugira ngo utazagongwa n’ingingo zimwe na zimwe zatuma aterezwa umutungo we mu gihe yananiwe kwishyurira igihe cyangwa agahura n’andi mananiza.

IGIHE yagiranye ikiganiro cyihariye n’Umuyobozi w’Ishami rishinzwe Imyitwarire y’Ibigo by’Imari muri Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu, BNR, Nsabimana Gerard, agaruka ku ngingo zitandukanye zibyerekeye.

IGIHE: Hagenderwa kuki hagenwa inyungu ku nguzanyo?

Nsabimana Gerard: Abaguzi bamwe batekereza ko inyungu ku nguzanyo igenwa na Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda ariko si ko bimeze. Kimwe n’ibindi bicuruzwa, inyungu ku nguzanyo igenwa n’isoko. Isoko ni ukuvuga ikigo cy’imari gitanga inguzanyo ndetse n’umuguzi uyishaka.

Hari ibintu no mu mabwiriza rusange agenewe kurengera umuguzi wa serivisi z’imari yashyizweho, yasohotse umwaka ushize. Twakoze ubushakashatsi dushaka kumenya icyo ibigo by’imari bishingiraho bigena inyungu. Byaje kudutangaza kuko bimwe byavugaga biti “turebera ku bandi.”

Twasanze rero ubwo buryo butarimo ubunyamwuga. Muri ya mabwiriza navugaga, hajyamo ingingo zisobanura uburyo inyungu zishyirwaho. Hari ibintu nka bine bishyingirwaho bikunze gusobanurwa kugira ngo inyungu ijyeho.

Icya mbere ni ikiranguzo, banki cyangwa ikigo cy’imari ayo mafaranga gikoresha kiba cyayakuye ahandi. Nka banki hari igiciro yishyura kuri bariya bashyiramo amadepo cyangwa se ubwizigame bwabo, hari abashobora guca nka 8%, 7% cyangwa se 10%, bigiye bitandukanye. Icyo ni ikiranguzo kandi ikigo cy’imari nacyo gishobora kuguza mu kindi ndetse wenda hari n’amafaranga y’abashoramari na bo baba bagamije inyungu.

Icya kabiri ni “Operating cost”, ni ukuvuga ibyo ikigo gikoresha gicuruza. Urugero ni nko guhemba abakozi, hari abakozi bagomba kwita ku bakiliya ariko hari n’ikoranabuhanga bakoresha, bashobora kuba bishyura inzu n’ibindi bitandukanye bikoreshwa kugira ngo akazi gakorwe.

Icya gatatu ni uko mu mitangire ya serivisi habamo ibihombo bishobora kubamo biturutse ku mpamvu zitandukanye. Urugero niba utanga inguzanyo hari abashobora kutishyura. Icyo gihombo rero buriya nacyo ukibarira mu nyungu uca umukiliya. Hari n’ibindi bitandukanye nk’imihindagurikire y’ibihe no kuzamuka kw’ibiciro. Ibyo nabyo bigomba kuba bibarirwa muri icyo kiguzi n’ibindi bihombo ikigo gishobora kuba cyahura nabyo.

Icya kane ni icyo twita igipimo cy’inyungu icyo kigo gishaka gukoreraho. Kuko ibyo bindi navugaga bitatu urumva ni ibigenda kuri serivisi ariko ikigo cy’imari kiba kigamije kunguka. Gishyiraho “Profit Margin”, inyungu kiba gishaka kugira ngo gikure muri iyo nguzanyo. Rero nicyo nabasha kuvuga ni ahongaho ibiguzi cyangwa se inyungu ishingirwa kugira ngo ibarwe.

Muri iki gihe abantu bagiye gusaba inguzanyo, BNR yashyizeho urubuga rwitwa Gereranya rushobora kubafasha kugereranya inguzanyo zo muri banki zitandukanye

Ni ibiki umuntu akwiriye kwitaho mu gihe agiye gusaba inguzanyo?

Mbere yo gufata inguzanyo, ugomba no kubanza kwibwira uti “ese ni ngombwa?” Buriya abantu bazi ko bashaka amafaranga, ikintu cya mbere birukira ari inguzanyo nyamara ugomba kuyishyurana n’inyungu zayo wakererwa bakanaguhana.

Ikintu cya mbere umuntu agomba kubanza kwitaho mu dufaranga duke yinjiza agomba kubanza kwitoza kutuzigama kuko buriya akenshi usaba inguzanyo ari uko ugiye gukora igikorwa runaka. Iyo ushobora kugikora ku bwizigame bwawe, washyize wenda mu kigo cy’imari biba birushijeho kuba byiza. Inguzanyo uyifata ari uko ubona ko ari ngombwa cyangwa se ishobora no kunganira bwa bwizigame.

Icya kabiri, inguzanyo nazishyira mu bice bibiri, hari iyo ushora mu mushinga ukubyarira inyungu, hakaba wenda n’inguzanyo yo kwikenura bisanzwe, kurihirira umwana ishuri kubera ko wenda utayaboneye rimwe ukavuga uti “reka nyafatemo inguzanyo nzayishyure buhoro buhoro”, ibyo nabyo ugomba kubanza kubitekerezaho nka cya kindi navuze bwa mbere ukavuga uti “ese ubwizigame ntibwabikemura?” Niba ari inguzanyo ibyara inyungu, ugomba kumenya ko uwo mushinga ugiye gukora koko uzunguka ku buryo uziba cya cyuho kiba cyatewe na ya nyungu baguciye.

Niba ugiye gukora umushinga wunguka 5% ku mwaka, wowe ugafata inguzanyo iguca 16% ku mwaka, urumva ntacyo bizagufasha.

Ukeneye no kwitaho ku nyungu bari buguce. Ubu dufite aho ushobora kubirebera, hari urubuga ushobora kureberaho inyungu z’ibigo bitandukanye na banki zisabwa gushyira ku mugaragaro inyungu zica n’ibindi bimeze nkabyo.

Ikindi ni ukumenya ibisabwa kuri iyo nguzanyo, twasabye ko bigomba kuba biri ahantu ku mugaragaro ikigo cy’imari kikabikubwira mbere y’uko usaba inguzanyo. Ikindi yenda ukareba n’igihe bagomba kuyiguheramo kuko nacyo twasabye ko kigomba kuba cyatangajwe noneho ukanareba ngo ndasaba angana iki, nzayishyure mu gihe kingana iki? Noneho ibyo wamara kubona ufite ubushobozi bwo kubyubahiriza, kuko buriya gufata inguzanyo ukaba utazabona ubushobozi bwo kuyishyura bigushyira mu zindi ngorane kurusha uko utayifata.

Ni izihe mpamvu zishobora gutuma inyungu za banki zitangana?

Hari ibintu bishingirwaho mu kugena inyungu ku nguzanyo. Uzasanga ufashe wenda nk’urwunguko rwa Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda yenda ikigereranyo isanga ku isoko n’ibyo tuba twashyize ku rubuga “Gereranya” usanga nko mu mabanki hari iziri hagati ya 14% na 20 % izindi zikaba hagati ya 16% na 19%, wajya nko ku bigo by’imari iciriritse ugasanga hari n’ibizamuka bikagera hagati ya 24% na 30%; bitandukanye.

Ubwo rero akenshi biterwa na bya bindi bishingirwaho mu kugena inyungu. Icya mbere ni uko waranguye amafaranga, kuko niba yaguhenze na we urayacuruza ahenze.

Ikindi, bya bindi navugaga by’igihombo cyangwa se ibyago bizamo na byo bigiye bitandukana bitewe n’abo ucuruzaho.

Ese guca ibiguzi bitandukanye ntibinyuranye n’amabwiriza ya BNR?

Ntitwirengagize ko isoko riba rifunguye, nuhenda abantu bazakuvaho bajye ku bandi. Ni uko bigenda. Biterwa nanone n’ihiganwa riri ku isoko ariko n’ubumenyi bw’umuguzi kugira ngo amenye guhitamo.

Njya mbitangaho urugero no mu bicuruzwa bisanzwe, ushobora kuba ugiye kugura umwenda kandi imyenda kandi ari imwe, umucuruzi umwe awugurisha ibihumbi 50 undi awugurisha ibihumbi 100. Iyo umuguzi atabizi ashobora guhendwa ku bihumbi 100 kandi hari abandi bawugurisha make. Ni yo mpamvu rero turi kuzamura ubumenyi bw’abaguzi kugira ngo bamenye no kubigereranya no guhitamo ikibahendukiye.

Ni gute wagereranya inyungu ku nguzanyo muri banki zitandukanye? Uruhare rw’ikigo cy’imari ni uruhe?

Itegeko tugenderaho rirengera umuguzi wa serivisi z’imari mu itegeko risobanura uburyo ibiguzi bigomba kuba biri mu mucyo.

Icya mbere, iyo ugiye gusaba serivisi z’imari, hari urupapuro bita “Key Fact Statement” babanza kuguha. Rugaragaza amakuru kuri iyo serivisi cyangwa kuri iyo nguzanyo ugiye kwaka ariko n’ibiciro byayo.

Icya kabiri, dusaba ko ikigo cy’imari kigira uruhare mu gusobanura ya nyungu ndetse n’uko ibarwa, usanga ari 16% ariko mu buryo bibarwa usanga mu bigo bigiye bitandukanye.

Umuntu ashobora kukubwira 2% ukagira ngo ni ibintu bike kandi akubwiye 2% ku kwezi ubwo wakuba ugasanga biratandukanye.

Icya gatatu, dusaba ko ikigo cy’imari kigo gishyira ahagaragara ibiciro gica, yaba ku rubuga rwa internet gikoresha cyangwa se website ariko n’aho gikorera no ku mashami yacyo yose, ibyo biguzi bigomba kuba bimanitse.

Icya nyuma, twashyizeho urubuga ‘‘gereranya.bnr.rw’’ aho ushobora kurujyaho ukagereranya ibyo biguzi byose.

Umuyobozi w’Ishami rishinzwe Imyitwarire y’Ibigo by’Imari muri Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu, BNR, Nsabimana Gerard, yasobanuye ko mbere na mbere abantu bakwiriye gutekereza ku mpamvu bagiye gusaba inguzanyo

Ni ibigo bingahe byashyizwe kuri urwo rubuga, urwo rubuga rukora rute?

Twashyizeho amabanki 10 ariko turi no mu nzira yo gushyiraho ibindi bigo byose kugira ngo ube ushobora kugereranya ibyo biciro.

Urwo rubuga rero ushobora kurujyaho ukareba ibigo by’imari uko bitandukanye n’inguzanyo bitanga.

Hariho n’ubundi buryo winjiramo ugashyiramo umubare w’amafaranga ushaka noneho urubuga rukabara rufashe inyungu fatizo kuko biriya twita 16, 15 buriya ni inyungu fatizo, ariko hari ibindi biciro biriya biguzi bijya byiyongeraho; amafaranga yo kwiga inguzanyo, ayo gusura ingwate n’ibindi bigiye bitandukanye noneho rikayateranya rwarangiza rugatondeka bya bigo uhereye ku gihendutse kugera ku gihenze. Urwo rubuga ni uko rukora.

Mukoresha ubuhe buryo mu kwimakaza imikoranire y’abakiliya n’ibigo by’imari?

Icya mbere ni ukuganira n’ibigo by’imari n’abakozi babikoramo kuko buriya na byo iyo tuvuga kurengera umuguzi hari ukubahiriza amategeko ariko hari no guhinduka.

Guhinduka guhera ku kigo, mu buyobozi bwacyo bwo hejuru bukagera ku bakozi bacyo ukababwira icyo amategeko avuga, ariko na bo hari umumaro bibafitiye. Niba uhaye umuntu inguzanyo agahomba, ukamutereza ibye, urumva ntiyongera kuba umukiliya wawe, azinukwa gukoresha serivisi z’imari nawe akaguhombya.

Ibyo rero ni byo twatangiranye na byo ariko kubera ko hari andi mategeko tukanagenzura, tukareba ko yubahirizwa hanyuma byaba na ngombwa tugahana.

Ubu twatangiye no gukoresha ibitangazamakuru bitandukanye ariko twatangiye no kugenda mu turere dutandukanye kugira ngo duhure n’abaguzi. Ibyo rero ni byo turi gukora kandi ni urugendo rurerure, tuzagumya guhozaho.

Ikindi cyavuyeho ni ukubara inyungu ku yindi nyungu. Niba wagombaga gufata inguzanyo wari kwishyura mu Ukwakira, ugize ibyago uko kwezi ntukwishyuye uje mu Ugushyingo; wibuke ko ukwezi kwa 10 baguciye inyungu noneho n’ukwa 11 bari buguce indi. Ibyo nabyo twasanze byiba abaguzi bivaho.

Iyo ukererewe kwishyura inguzanyo baguca igihano. Igihano akenshi bakunda kukibara ku kwezi ndetse bakakimanura bakagishyira no ku munsi. Hari ubwo wasangaga kubera ko nta mabwiriza abigenga yabaga ariho, hari igihe wafataga nka miliyoni 10 Frw ukishyura wasigazamo nka miliyoni 3 Frw ukananirwa, wenda ukananirwa ukwezi kumwe kandi ku kwezi kumwe wishyuraga ibihumbi 150 Frw harimo 100.000 Frw byo ku nguzanyo wafashe n’inyungu ya 50.000 Frw.

Ugasanga igihano bagiciye kuri za miliyoni 3 Frw usigayemo kandi ukererewe ukwezi kumwe kw’ibihumbi 150 Frw bigizwe n’inguzanyo wafashe n’inyungu.

Aho twarabisobanuye kuko twabonaga hari igihe umuntu yasigazagamo nka miliyoni 3 Frw bamubarira nk’ibihano ukabona mu mezi nk’atatu ibihano biruse ya nguzanyo yafashe. Ubwo kandi kubera ko nta mabwiriza abibuza, wagombaga kubyishyura. Kuri ubu kubarira igihano ku kindi twarabiciye.

Hari ibirego by’abakiliya mwakira mukabona byaba biterwa no kuba badasobanukiwe?

Hari ibirego biza mu by’ukuri ukareba, ugasanga ni uko umukiliya atasobanukiwe. Hariho nk’uwaje atugana aratubwira ati ‘ariko nafashe inguzanyo mu kigo ndangije yari inguzanyo ku mushahara akazi kanjye karahagarara none mumbwirire ikigo kireke kunyishyuza’.

Urumva nk’aho aba azi ko akazi ke nigahagarara bizahwana na ya nguzanyo kandi ubundi iyo uyifashe ushyiramo nawe ibyo byago ushobora guhura nabyo.

Icya kabiri, hariho nk’uwaje aratubwira ati ‘ariko ikigo cy’imari cyambwiye ko gica inyungu ya 2% none narishyuye byanze gushiramo.’ Yatekerezaga ko ayo ya 2% ari ku mwaka kandi yari ku kwezi; ubona ko icyo kirego ubwacyo umuntu azanye kigaragaza ko atari asobanukiwe.

Hari n’uvuga ati ibi bintu bambariye nabi, uburyo babibara ubwabyo simbisobanukiwe, banciye ibihano byinshi.

Ibyo bitwereka ko hakirimo icyuho nubwo ataza avuga ngo nta wansobanuriye, ariko ikirego atanze ubwacyo tubona ko adasobanukiwe.

BNR igenzura ite imikoranire y’abakiliya na banki?

Umuntu yashoboraga kujya kubitsa kuri konti ye bakaba bamuca ikiguzi. Ibyo rero tubona ari nko kubwira umuturage ngo gumana amafaranga yawe twe ntituyashaka.

Inshingano nyamukuru y’ikigo cy’imari ni ukwakira amafaranga kikayacuruza. Iyo utangiye rero kuyasubizayo biba ari ikibazo, cyangwa se umuntu yajya gufunga konti ugasanga aciwe nk’ibihumbi 50 Frw cyangwa 60.000 Frw. Ni nko kumubwira ngo hamana natwe ntidushaka ko ugira aho ujya . Ibyo rero ni nko gufunga kwinjira no gusohoka mu kigo cy’imari ndetse wenda n’ibindi biguzi bitandukanye.

Itegeko hari icyo riteganya ku batinda guhabwa inguzanyo bemerewe?

Hari ukuntu wafataga inguzanyo rimwe na rimwe ikigo kigatinda kuyiguha, na byo byabagaho. Twagiye tubona ibibazo by’aho wenda ufata inguzanyo yo guhinga muri Nzeri mu gihembwe cy’ihinga wasaba muri Kanama ukazayihabwa mu Ukuboza n’ihinga ryarangiye.

Noneho wavuga uti “ariko aya mafaranga nimuyasubiraneyo umushinga wanjye warapfuye”, bakakubwira bati “kugira ngo uyatugarurire turaguca 8% yayo.” Ubwo ni ukuvuga ngo ni ibihano byo kwishyura mbere. Ibyo rero byavanwaho.

Ingingo ya 25 ya rya tegeko navugaga No 017/2021 rivuga ko niba uhawe inguzanyo ukaza kwishyura mbere, nta gihano cyo kwishyura mbere baguca keretse na we iyo iyo nguzanyo ugiye kuyigurisha mu kindi kigo; aho ho bashobora kuguca igihano cyo kwishyura mbere, ariko ubundi iyo uje kwishyura mbere ukoresheje amafaranga yawe nta gihano cyo kwishyura mbere baguca.

Icyo kuguha amafaranga batinze dufite uburyo twagikemuye mu mabwiriza avuga ko ikigo cy’imari kigomba gutangaza buri serivisi n’igihe kiyitangira kiramutse kirenze, ubwo urumva ko waburana uburenganzira bwawe.

Hari n’igihe utangira gukora umushinga ukabona ugiye kuzamba ukavuga uti “aho kugira ngo amafaranga ngume kuyashora mu bintu bizamba reka mbe nyagaruye.”
Wayagarura bakaguca amande, ni nko kukubwira ngo yasubirane nushake azaguhombane ibyawe tuzabiteza.

Icyo gihe izo mpamvu uko zaba zimeze kose wishyuye mbere ukoresheje amafaranga yawe nta gihano ucibwa.

Kuki habaho gusiba inguzanyo mu bitabo by’imari?

Amategeko n’amabwiriza rusange agenga amabanki avuga ko iyo inguzanyo yagize igice cyayo kimwe cyakererewe kwishyurwa kikageza ku myaka ibiri, iyo nguzanyo yandukurwa mu bitabo. Mu kigo cy’imari iciriritse, icyo gihe gifata umwaka.

Icyo ntikirengera umuguzi cyane, kireba ibijyanye no kutajegajega k’urwego rw’imari. Icyo baba bashaka ni ukugira ngo utaguma kwibwira ko iyo nguzanyo ari isanzwe wakomeza kubara mu mutungo wawe kandi yaramaze kugera mu gihe wihebye ko ayo mafaranga adashobora kugaruka. Ayo rero uyakura mu ibaruramari ryawe ugasigara uyacungira ku ruhande.

Hari ababyitwaza bakavuga ngo inguzanyo yasibwe mu bitabo singomba kuyishyura. Oya! Ntibivuga kutishyura, ahubwo bivuga kuyicungira ku ruhande ukayikurikirana ukayishyuza mu buryo bw’umwihariko. Rero ni cyo biba bisobanuye kuba ikigo cy’imari cyakwandukura inguzanyo mu bitabo.